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16 AUGUST , 1946 


151 


PREPARED BY 

MISLS , PRESIDIO Of MONTEREY CALIFORNIA 

■ 














Prepared by... 




LUSLS, Presidio of Monterey 
Monterey, California 



16 August 191*6 










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PREFACE 


This textbook is prepared primarily for the purpose of giving students 
at the Military Intelligence Service Language School the fundamentals of 
propaganda for Japanese consumption. It is also intended to aid in their 
training in writing propaganda material in Japanese so that .when they are 
graduated and are sent into the fields they can assist their commanders 
in preparing propaganda material to spread specific doctrines, ideas, in¬ 
formation, etc. 

The first Ik pages cover the fundamentals of propaganda to be direct¬ 
ed towards the Japanese and the next 15> pages give the fundamental facts 
of the occupation, knowledge of which is considered important in the pre¬ 
paration of propaganda material designed to help the people meet the na¬ 
tions postwar problems constructively. The remaining pages of the book 
consist of twenty-three appendices, including various ordinances, direc¬ 
tives, declarations, sample propaganda leaflets, glossary of propaganda 
terms, etc. These appendices are included for the following purposes: 

1. To confirm and elaborate' on various "statements made regarding 
the fundamental facts of the occupation. 

2. To provide the student with data for their propaganda exercises. 

3. To increase the student 1 3 Japanese vocabulary. 



Page 


Imperial Ordinance No,. 63l*-J (19l*5) Pertaining to' 
the Rescission of the Japanese Conscription Lair, 

Etc. .... ... 65 

War Ministry Ordinance No. 56 (19U5) Pertaining to 

the Abolition of the Military Schools, Etc. ......... 6 7 

7. Effects of Reparations on Japanese Industries ....... 70 

3. New Japanese Territorial Boundaries ... 76 


9c Japan*s Top War and Political Leaders • 0 ...o«*e. 78 


10. The SCAP*s Memorandum. Pertaining to "Removal and 
Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public 

Office ....... 81 

11. Imperial Ordinance No. 109 (191*6) Pertaining to the 

Purge Order .....106 

Cabinet Ordinance No. 1 (191*6) Pertaining to the 

Purge Order . .. ......... 110 

Imperial Ordinance No. 101 (191*6) Pertaining to 
Ultra-Nationalistic, Terroristic and Militaristic 
Societies and Groups ....137 

12• Abolition of the State Shinto.. ll*3 

13. The Emperor*s New Year ! s Rescript (l Jan. 191*6) ..... 11*5 

. 

ll*. Imperial Ordinance No. 1* (191*6) Pertaining to the 


Establishment of the Textbook Committee ............. ll*9 


15. The Dissolution of the Zaibatsu .. l5l 

16. Agrarian Reform . 0 • •... .. 156 

17. Imperial Ordinance No. 81* (191*6) Pertaining to Old 

and New Japanese Currencies .... 160 

18. Imperial Ordinance No* 33 (191*6) Pertaining to 

Frozen Deposits ..... 165- 


- ii - 
















CONTENTS 


Page 

1. Introduction ...,... 1 

2, Definition of Propaganda .«, . * • * * . «. •...«, »«. , «,.* • • « 2 

3* Essence of Propaganda ..... 3 

U» Japanese Characteristics *• 0 .♦. 0 .. .... .« 6 

5. Lieans of Propaganda......«. * • *. 12 

6. Plans, Methods, and Materials for Propaganda for Japanese 

C onsumption a<i.a.....».3««<>o..«4«.o. 13 

7. Fundamental Facts Necessary to Understand the Present 


Situation.......«....... XU 

Appendices: 

1, The Potsdam Proclamation ....30 

The Cairo Declaration ..32 

2. Instrument of Surrender.....33 


3. Imperial Ordinance No. 5U2 (19U5) Pertaining to 
Orders to be Issued by the Japanese Government in 
Accordance ’with the Acceptance of the Potsdam Pro¬ 
clamation ......a........ ........35 

ll. The Various’Wars and Incidents in Which Japan has 

Participated Since the Sino-Japanese War 52 

5. Occupation Policy and How Implemented .......... *•.••» 53 

Text of White House Statement on Occupation Policy 
in Japan .... • • 5U 

The Moscow Declaration ................. ...59 

Text of Yalta Accord on Soviet War on Japan .. 

6 . Imperial Ordinance No. 632 (19U5) Pertaining to the 

Rescission of the Previous Imperial Ordinances 
Governing the Japanese Army and Navy ... 


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19* Imperial Ordinance No. 86 (191*6) Pertaining 

to the Food CpntrQl .... . 169 

20. Imperial Ordinance No* 68 (191*6) Pertaining, to 

Pensions .* * t ........... .7 v «• «•»,.. 175 

Imperial 'Ordinance No® tv. (191*6) Pertaining to 

the Retirement Pay 0 „ /0 s * 180 

Imperial Ordinance No* 105 (191*6) Pertaining to 

the Frozen Deposits of the Demobilised 182 

21 Samples of Propaganda leaflets •«•««*.«.>... !..</* .to • 181* ■ 

22. A Survey, op, the Present. Politt -.rj, Party. System of ' 

Japan..... 205 

23. glossary of. Propaganda- Terms. ».«««».»»... o..«,*..-207 





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shelter* and clothing, Many more are worried how to make a living, 
are many whose attitudes are affected by the death of relatives and 
friends in battle and bombing. And there are many whose pride cannot 
digest the bitter pill of defeat. All in all, the post-defeat conditions 
of social disruption, insecurity and physical needs form a poor back¬ 
ground for efforts to develop understanding and a constructive attitude 
on the part of the Japanese. 

On the other hand, there are a number of psychological factors 
which will help these efforts. The Japanese in general have an innate 
adaptability, and have displayed through their history a strong desire 
to learn new things from abroad, and to adapt them to their own needs. 

The defeat itself brought relief to millions, simply because it meant 
the end of the wartime sufferings. The defeat also strengthened and 
spread the reaction against the war profiteers, and against the wartime 
leaders Yfho long knew the war would bo lost, but kept the people in the 
dark to the very end. The defeat brought a reaction against the old ways 
which permitted such leaders to govern the country. And, as underdogs, 
the Japanese show a receptive attitude which is in strong contrast to 
their arrogance as victors. Nowadays, too, the previous admiration'for 
America and Britain which.years of official propaganda did not complete¬ 
ly wipe out can reassert itself. This sentiment is reinforced by the 
evidence of good treatment brought back by returned prisoners of war. 
Finally, the common man feels he has little to lose and perhaps much to 
gain in any changes. 

These helpful and unhelpful attitudes are, of.course, mingled 
in various ways in various people. Some Japanese.are well-informed and 
objective. Others are very misinformed and sec everything in the light 
of their own particular circumstances. In any case, the American's best 
discussion equipment' is a knowledge of the facts. What are the facts? 

HO.- DID THE OCCUPATION COME ABOUT? 

Occupation of "points in Japanese territory to be designated 
by the Allies" was specified in the Potsdam Declaration* of 25> July 
19li-P, which was accepted by the Japanese government as the basis ox sur¬ 
render. Even before the instrument of surrender** was signed. General 
:acArthur and American troops landed and took control of the Tokyo Bay 
area. Immediately after the formal surrender on September 2, the Emper¬ 
or issued a proclamation*** announcing that the surrender terms had been 
signed* in his behalf, and ordering all to observe them. Thereafter 
troops.were moved in rapidly to spread control throughout Japan, it is 
an elementary point, therefore, that the occupation of Japan is based on 
agreement by the Emperor and the government, 

* Refer to Appendix 1. 

** Refer to Appendix 2. 

*** Refer to Appendix 3, 




- 17 - 



OCCUPATION TALK WITH THE J APANESE (A SUGGESTION) 


Like or not, the United States soldier in Japan is a rep¬ 
resentative of his country. Our soldier-representatives are coming into 
ever-increasing personal contact with the Japanese citizenry, and in 
many cases these contacts are the chief, and certainly most direct cont¬ 
acts the Japanese .citizenry have with the occupation. 

Sooner or later the soldier finds himself discussing such tilings 
as Japan, America, the occupation, or the situation in which the -Japan¬ 
ese find themselves, with the* Japanese hb has gotten to know. 

On such occasions the- soldier will inevitably contribute his 
little share of influence on the minds of the Japanese people. From 
the view-point of the occupation program this influence will be either 
good qr bad. It will either help the Japanese understand and constru¬ 
ctively face the occupation, or it vd.ll tend to develop their resent¬ 
ment and resistance. No intelligent and loyal American would do the 
latter. For although the war has been won on the battlefield, the oc¬ 
cupation is yet to be won in the minds of- the defeated. And unless the 
occupation is won, our forces cannot retire from the field, and the dang¬ 
er of another war will remain. 

The basic things the soldier needs to know, in order to help 
the Japanese understand and constructively face their present situation, 
are the fundamental facts of the occupation —How it came about, what 
its objectives are, and what it lias actually accomplished, for without 
a knowledge of these facts, he cannot discuss the present and the future 
of Japan with those Japanese citizens who ape well-informed, nor can he 
enlighten those who are not. 

It is important to realize that numerically the majority of 
Japanese are lacking in any sound knowledge -of why American forces are 
in Japan, what they are attempting to accomplish, and what they have 
accomplished. Early in the occupation SCAP ordered the Japanese gov¬ 
ernment to see that the aims and activities of the occupation^ forces were 
adequately explained by the press, radio and other communications faci¬ 
lities 5 but for many reasons this information has not reached all Jap¬ 
anese/ Only lh% of the population can read-newspapers easily, and there 
are only 6 , 000,000 radio receiving sets in a population of 75 , 000 , 000 . 

Attitudes to be Faced 

In addition to the physical difficulties of getting infor-_ 
mation to the Japanese, for many reasons their minds are not receptive 
to what information they do get. Nany are hungry and lack adequate 


- 16 - 








Without this fundamental change, there night be no end to the occupation. 

As it is, the occupation will last only until a peacefully inclined and 
responsible government based on the freely expressed will of the Japanese 
people develops. The quickest way for the Japanese to get rid of the 
ocuupation forces is to prove by this means that they are no longer needed. 


It is an important point, moreover, that the occupation auth¬ 
orities are seeking to realize the Potsdam directives through the existing 
Japanese government institutions rather than through dir ect orde rs to 
the peop le. 

Above it was pointed out that the Emperor notified' the people 
that surrender, had been signed in his behalf and ordered them to obey 
the terms. The position of the Emperor was, in fact, the greatest prob¬ 
lem before the surrender, In the end, the Allies made it clear that ult¬ 
imately the Japanese people themselves would decide whether to, keep the 
Emperor or not, and meantime the Emperor and all officials would be sub¬ 
ject to the will of the occupation authorities. As aresult, the Japanese 
government has continued to rule the people, carrying out of' their own 
accord the provisions of the surrender, butprodded when they fail to do 
so by directives from SCAP. 


This situation has two important benefits for the Japanese 
people. In the first place, they have to undergo less political disrup¬ 
tion than would be the case if all the familiar government institutions 
had been wiped out, and then they had been asked to build a completely 
now “peacefully minded and responsible government,” 

In the second place, the* occupation is comparitivcly painless, 
for the occupation forces can be small, and the majority of the people 
have comparatively little contact with them. In the early phase of oc¬ 
cupation, there was a peak of 1|60,000 men, who secured control without 
resistance or bloodshed over a population of 7^*000,000 people, including 
millions of unbeaten troops 0 This number has been reduced to 200,000 
men, which is a smaller proportion of occupation troops to civilian pop¬ 
ulation than in any other country defeated in world War lie The size of 
the occupation force also means a lower cost of maintaining them for the 
Japanese. 


YPIAT IIAS THE OCCUPATION ACTUALLY ACCOMPLISHED? 

Demilitarization 

liilitarily, the objective of the Potsdam Declaration is to 
prevent Japan from ever again becoming a menace to the peace and security 
of the world. This has been partially realized through the disarmament 
and demobilization of Japan*s army and riavy*# and the scrapping or 

* Refor to Appendix 5. 

#* Refer to Appendix 6. 


- 19 - 





>riivr are the objectives of the occupa tion? 

Basically the Potsdam Declaration, the basis of surrender, 
is divided into stipulations Japan must submit to, and stipulations the 
Allies' promise to carry out. (However, lit is not a contract,) In 
brief, Japan agreed to; 

1 . Dis armam ent of Japan*s military forces, destruction of 
war equipment, and destruction of war-making power, 

2 , Reduction of territory to four min islands, 

. 3 <f Eliriiinatiqn. froijpL positions of “authority and influence u of 
Japan!a war loaders, and trials of par criminals, 

U, Removal of “obstacles to the revival and strengthening of 
democratic tendencies among the Japanese people“$ the establishment of 
“freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for 
the fundamental human rights, 1 ’ 

3 V Occupation of-"points in Japanese territory to be desig¬ 
nated by the Allies” until the occupation objectives are carried out 
and until “there has been established in accordance with the freely 
expressed will of the Japanese'people a peacefully inclined and respon¬ 
sible government,” 

• ,. In brief, the Allies promise to;. 

• 1 # Let. the disarmed military forces return home #> 

2 , Not enclave the Japanese as a race, or destroy them as a 

nation, 

3 # Let Japan maintain industries to sustain her peacetime 
economy and pay reparations in kind| give her access to raw materials, 
and eventual participation in world.trade relations. 

These arcThot punitive terms. Rather they might.be called 
“corrective" terms. For they have two ultimate objectives; to prevent 
Japan frpm ever again becoming a menace to the , peace and security of tne 
world3 and to secure the establishment of a peaceable and responsible 
government whiph shall reflect, the'Will of.the Japanese people, Tho_ 
Allied statesmen realized that without the establishment of a peaccadc 
and responsible government based on the popular will, Japan might re¬ 
vert to the system which had kept her at imperialistic war during the 
last l£ years, to say nothing, of previous wars.-* 

•x* Refer to Appendix U. 


- 18 - 




and the East Asia Society .which have had an undercover, undemocratic 
influence on the Japanese government and people. 

The “thought control police 11 have been abolished, and the reg¬ 
ular police force lias .been reduced and is being taught its role as public 
servants rather than public mentors. 

Early in the occupation, also, SCAP ordered the release of 
hundreds of political prisoners who had been thrown into prison during 
the war or earlier for anti-military activities and even for “dangerous 
thoughts," One Communist thus released had been in prison for 19 years. 

Thus the definition of “dangerous thoughts" was. reversed, some 
of the old military, oligarchic influences were withdrawn from the polit¬ 
ical arena., and popular influences were introduced and given full play. 

To the average Japanese citizen, this dual process holds much signifi¬ 
cance, for it means the removal of some of the old forces which tied him 
to a war machine, and the return of those which help form the new lead¬ 
ership of peaceful Japan, 


Unleashing Public Opinion 

The free expressing of the popular will, the fundamental of 
popular government, never was allowed in Japan under the oligarchic neiji 
constitution, and it had been progressively reduced to zero during the 
war. The only expression permitted was that, moulded to suit the militar¬ 
ists 1 aims by censorship and propaganda. They had to control, all means 
of expression — press, radio, motion pictures — and expression itself 
in speech and assembly to make the nation accept their leadership and 
follow their policies. If the popular will had really favored thorn, they 
would have needed no such controls. 

In seeking to achieve the Potsdam objective of a popular 
Japanese government, the occupation authorities took decisive steps to 
secure for the Japanese people those basic human rights which enable 
them to express their will -freoly. Instead:of• taking over control of the 
press and radio, the occupation authorities gave the Japanese a program 
to put into Effect themselves: 

1 . Reporting domestic and foreign news fully and truthfully. 

2 . Explaining adequately the aims and activities of the occu¬ 
pation forces, 

3 . Permitting .and encouraging free discussion of all issues 
that have a bearing on the welfare of the Japanese people. 

1 ;, Providing all segments of responsible public opinion with 


- 21 - 



removal of war equipment. Japanese soldiers are being repatriated from 
various places in the Far East. Even civil aviation is forbidden on the 
basis that peacetime aviators, aircraft and factories can be used in war. 
The destruction of Japan’s war-making power is being studied, because 
there are diffcult questions in the case of certain peacetime industries 
which are also potentially war industries,* 


Japan has been deprived of territorial holdings outside of the 
original islands**, not only because Korea, Manchuria, Formosa and Sakh¬ 
alin are- important assets for war, but also because they were;;.taken by 
conquest from their original sovereignty in the first place. 


Although this objective is not yet completely realized, it is 
sure that Japan could not fight a war for some time to come. Vihatever 
pain this pulling of the military teeth of Japan causes to the pride of 
the average Japanese, a defeated people can hardly expect anything else. 
And it has advantages. Military clothing, food and medical supplies ^are 
being made available to the civilian population in their hour of need. 
And military conscription is ‘a thing of the past. 

Changing Leadership 

Perhaps the greatest accomplishments have been in the realm 
of political and social life. The activities of the occupation authori¬ 
ties in this realm all look toward realization of the second ultimate 
objective of the Potsdam Declaration — the establishment of a peaceful 
and responsible government which shall reflect the will of the Japanese 
people." And the means to this- end arc in the provisions of the declara¬ 
tion which specify the removal of men and practices which obstruct, and 
the fostering of principles and methods which encourage, the free ex¬ 
pression of the popular will,* 


The first move to purge the political scene of malignant inf¬ 
luences was the arrest at SCAP direction of a large number of wartime 
loaders and pre-war militarists to be detained for later war crimes 
trials.*** These arrests were followed by later orders to the Japanese 
government to oust from ’’public office and influence” *#** all those 
who load deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world 
conquest.” More lists of persons thus classified as unqualified -or 
public office have been issued from time to time, SCAP' also ordercc tic 
Japanese government to dissolve all ultra-nationalistic, terroristic^and 
militaristic societies and groups*****, such as tho Black Dragon ocxo.y 


* Refer to Appendix 7 . 

** Refer to Appendix 8. 

*** Refer to Appendix 9 . 

**** Refer to Appendix 10 . and 11 . 

***** Rofcr to Appendix 11 . 


- 20 - 



nation and the new opportunities for freedom of thought to aicuss topics 
thejT - would not have dared to take up hitherto. Even the position of •the 
Emperor is now subject to popular debate, and come groups are actively 
campaigning for his disenthronement. Before the defeat, a Japanese could 
not even think unfavorable thoughts about the zaibatsu, the militarists, 
high government officials or other components of the- ruling classes, but 
now all of these elements can be discussed as freely as the price of rice 

Encouraging Organization 

Freedom of assembly and of organization also has returned to the 
Japanese people. The most notable examples are in the case of political 
parties and of labor unions. Before the war the Hinseito and Seiyukai , 
which both represented the zaibats u, were the only important partier:. 

They disbanded in 191+0 to make way ;for the government-sponsored imperial 
Rule Assistance Association. But by the elections of April 191+6, there 
had arisen a great number of political parties, whose platforms ran the 
gamut from extreme conservatism to communism. Of these only a half- 
dozen parties are influential, however. 

As for labor unions, their pre-war membership included at its 
peak only 8$ of industrial workers. . In December the government removed 
existing legal restrictions on labor organizations and on the free asser¬ 
tions of their rights, and since that time unions have been formed at a 
rate^ of two a day. The number of strikes for higher wages, shorter hours 
and better working conditions has risen concurrently. There have been 
coal miners 1 strikes and street transportation worker 1 strikes in Japan 
just as in America, and the bigger and stronger unions have generally ob¬ 
tained their objectives. 

Through these new opportunities, an active and critical public 
opinion is being formed which brings strong, though indirect, pressure on 
the government of Japan. But other measures have given the people a 
stronger direct influence on government than ever before. The most im¬ 
portant such measure is the new' electoral law, according to which the 
suffrage is extended to all Japanese men and women of the age of 20 or 
over. When only men over 21+ could vote, as in the past, the electorate 
numbered about 12,000,000. With the new lav;, 1+2,000,000 have the suffr¬ 
age, Of these, some 35,000,000 actually cast their ballots in the April 
elections. The result, naturally, was the most representative Diet in 
Japan 1 s history. It. even included 38 women — the first time women have 
served as representatives in Japan. 

At this writing, the Diet is considering adoption of a new const¬ 
itution proposed by the Japanese Cabinet with the approval of the occupa¬ 
tion authorities. Its provisions call for the highest degree of popular 
participation in government yet in Japan, 

The fundamental significance of all of the above developments lies 
Refer to Appendix 22, 


23 - 







equal access to the channels of public expression. 

Censorship by the authorities was thus ruled out, and the rule was 
enforced in an interesting way. Newspapers published a photograph of Gen¬ 
eral iViacArthur standing side by side with the Emperor, The Emperor was 
wearing formal clothes, but LlacArthur was in summer uniform without any 
necktie. The Home Ministry therefore banned the publication of the 
pnotograph, and suspended newspapers which carried it, Whereupon the 
occupation authorities ruled the Home Ministry ban invalid, as an infringe¬ 
ment of the freedom of the- press. There has been no repetition of such 
trouble 5 • 

• The newspapers of Japan are private business organizations and 
they were controlled through government orders, but the- Domei News Agency 
was a semi-official agency under direct government control. Through it 
the newspapers got all their foreign news and much of their domestic nev/s. 
This propaganda mill has been dissolved, and the pr ivate, uncontrolled 
Kyodo and Jiji news agencies hpire’taken its place. 

Like newspapers, motion pictures had been converted into propa¬ 
ganda vehicles by the laws controlling .the film industry. These laws 
have been repealed, and militaristic films have been withdrawn. The film 
industry is now trying'its wings in the new atmosphere. 

Nowadays the press carries far more accurate accounts of world 
and home news than ever before, ‘ There is a more lively discussion of pub¬ 
lic questions, and it appears that the newspapers increasingly realize - 
their responsibility as a medium of public expression rather than, as a 
medium of official propaganda. 

The Japanese domestic radio network displays the same tendencies 
as the press. Also there are a number of new programs which hardly 
would have appeared heretofore, as, for example, the ’’citizens*, nour,” 
a labor news program, interviews with the man on the street, and on Sun¬ 
days, Christian, Buddhist - and Shinto programs. 

Not only have'press and radio become better forums for popular, 
expression, but discussion meetings themselves have come into the pict¬ 
ure. During the war and before, free discussion meetings were forbid¬ 
den,’ Nowadays, one finds groups of all kinds assembling to try to reach, 
through free discussion, an understanding of their situation and formulas 
foi v coping with it. In Tokyo, the occupation authorities have sponsored 
the u H 0 8- 0 Toron Kai,” a weekly public forum at Hibiya Public fell in which 
speakers from all walks of life address the audience on problems of the 
day and are in turn interpellated by the audience. The entire* proceed¬ 
ings are also broadcast by radid. 

The Japanese people are -baking advantage of the hew flow of infor- 


- '22 - 




through the abolition of military training, drills and militaristic 
sports. Militaristic and ultra-nationalistic propaganda is being cut 
from the old textbooks, and new textbooks brought out to suit the time.### 
There is a continual screening of teachers to eliminate those of known mi¬ 
litaristic tendencies, and at the same time educators who had been removed 
from their positions fnr views incompatible with the wartime government 
are being reinstated. The students themselves have attempted to push re¬ 
forms even further through strikes and protest meetings. 


On the Economic Front 


As the directives of the occupation authorities in the politi¬ 
cal and social fields aim at the establishment of a peaceful and respon¬ 
sible popular government, so their directives in the economic field aim 
at the establishment of a national economy which can support such a govern¬ 
ment, The long-term objective is to break down the monopolies of the 
zaibatsu in industry, commerce and finance, and of the wealthy landholders 
in agriculture, so that there maybe wider distribution of income and 
ownership of the means of production and trade. 

The principal measure taken against the zaibatsu#### is the for¬ 
mation of a holding company liquidation commission in the Japanese govern¬ 
ment whose responsibility it is to dissolve the four largest firms and their 
stranglehold on finance and industry. The securities and other paper as¬ 
sets of these firms are to be taken over by the commission, and their di¬ 
rectors and officials must resign. The zaibatsu banks have been closed, 
their foreign assets seized, and their foreign commercial activities stop¬ 
ped. The government is repealing the laws which encouraged such monopolis¬ 
tic business, and passing laws which foster business opportunities on a 
competitive basis. 

Similarly in agriculture, a program is being put into effect to 
spread the ownership of land#. Most of the agricultural land has been 
earned by people who did not cultivate the soil, but leased it to tenants 
in return for rent paid in crops. Very few tenant farmers could raise 
enough produce to pay the rent, the taxes, and the expenses, and therefore 
most of them were constantly in debt for borrowed money. When the farmers 
cam their land, it is believed that they'will have more incentive to im¬ 
prove it, and thus to raise more produce, while at the same time they will 
not have to support non-productive absentee landlords and money lenders 
through'payments of rent and interest. Plans are also under way to re¬ 
claim 3,900,000 acres of agricultural land. 

Both of these basic improvements in Japan’s economy are complicated 

# Refer to Appendix ll|, 

## Refer to Appendix lf>• 

### Refer to Appendix 16, 





in the fact that the people of Japan are gaining an opportunity to manage 
their ov/n affairs, instead of liaving a relatively snail 
number of men of ■wealth and position. manage public affairs for their own 
interests. The stage is being set to reverse the former government 
'•from the top down" to government "from' the .bottom up." In the space of 
a few. months, the Japanese people have got into their hands those tools 
of popular sovereignty for which progressive elements have been grasping 
for decades. It is the responsibility of the occupation authorities to 
see that nothing shall obstruct'the‘Japanese people in the process of 
learning to use these tools. But it is the responsibility of the Japanese 
people as a whole to seize their opportunity to develop a peaceful and 
responsible government. The only changes that will endure in Japan are 
those which the people itself adopts and makes a part of its life. 

Religion and Education 

Besides these broadly political accomplishments of the'occupation, 
there are some important social developments which cannot be neglected. It 
was noted above that the Emperor is no longer above discussion by.the 
people, and that his future role in the governing of Japan, if any," is up 
to the people themselves. The sacrosanct,position of the Emperor as in¬ 
violable God and supreme ruler, so carefully built up by the old ruling 
classes as a bulwark to their own privileges, has been• crumbling in hew 
Japan. The Diet itself has spent several hours debating the Emperor's 
share of war guilt. 

No longer must the Japanese people profess and support the State 
Shinto religion, with its myths of the divinity of the Emperor and of the 
divine origin of the Japanese people. TJith the establishment of religious 
freedom*, at the directive of the occupation authorities, the people nay 
believe such things if they want to, and they may profess Buddhism and 
Christianity and' other religious beliefs also. At any rate, the Emperor 
is no longer officially a God. The Emperor himself in-his New Year«s 
rescript** denied "the-false conception that the Emperor-is divine ana 
the Japanese people are superior to other races and are fated to rule the 
world.” Moreover, ho has been taking.a: more popular role. He is seen 
more frequently in public, and has twice taken the unprecedented action 
of sneaking to the people of Japan over the-radio. If the people of Japan 
choose to retain the Emperor as part, of their government, it will oe as a 
popular sovereign. 

The chief means by which the Shinto myths of the Emperor's divi¬ 
nity and the "racial superiority" of the Japanese has .been inculcated irrt, o 
the minds of the Japanese people is the school system. Here too occupa¬ 
tion lias brought reform. Militaristic influence is'being eradicated 

* Refer to Appendix 12. 

** Refer to Appendix 13. 


- 2b - 



formerly supported by the state have been put on their own for the first 
time, and may havo to work for a living just like anyone else. 

Reparations is a question yet to be settled. Accordin'? to the 
Potsdam Declaration, the occupation authorities promise to allow Japan an 
economy which will not only provide for her peacetime needs but -also for 
the payment of reparations. Also they are bound to wipe out Japan’s war 
potential in the form of industries which might enable Japan to fight 
another war* The difficulty is in deciding which industries will be all¬ 
owed to remain under those circumstances. Some industries have already 
been earmarked by the occupation authorities for reparations, some for 
destruction# Until the reparations question is settled, some industrial¬ 
ists are reluctant to resume activities because they fear their plants 
will bo taken for reparations# 

Economically, as politically, Japan is undergoing transition. An 
appreciation and understanding of the political changes in man*' ways faci¬ 
litates the economic changes* For example, labor unions are taking adv¬ 
antage of their rights to secure better living standards for their members 
And a liberated and awakened voice of the people is bringing unprecede¬ 
nted pressure on the government to soItc as well as possible the problems 
of living. On the other hand, hunger, cold and insecurity are net condu¬ 
cive to the clear thinking and objectivity necessary to develop a govern¬ 
ment which will bring the greatest good to the greatest number. 


Suggestions 


It was pointed out in the beginning that the soldier needs to 
know the facts in order to help the Japanese understand and constructively 
face their present situation# The facts as outlined in this paper are 
necessarily only the highlights. Moreover, any account of developments 
the occupation is bringing to Japan goes out of date as 'soon as it is 
written* The better one' keeps up with day-to-day developments, the 
better equipped he is for his job in Japan* 

In talking with the Japanese, the soldier must endeavor constant¬ 
ly to interpret developments in the light of what they do for Japan and 
£° r the Japanese# The effect of a measure may be uncomfortable for the 
Japanese, but he must be made to consider the measure in question in the 
perspective .of its objective. The objective of some measures is clearly 
the demilitarization of Japan, under the terms of the Potsdam, Declaration# 
But the objective of the bulk of the measures taken at the direction of 
the occupation authorities is the establishment of a peaceful and respon¬ 
sible government, and the development of an economy to support it. Such 
an objective means one thing — the greatest good for the greatest number 
of the Japanese people# 

One point which should bo emphasized is that Japan is not requir¬ 
ed to establish a democracy# The Potsdam Declaration mentions onl~" 





and difficult-hnattors which will take time to work out, Thoir beneficial 
results may not be evident for sbmo time, and the more immedi ate problem > 
is how to make Japan*s wrecked economy provide for oven the bare needs of 
her millions# 

Food is the topmost problem. The United States is sending Japan 
her share of the Allied food resources bein^ shipped to hunj^rv nations 
all over the world# Efforts are be in? made to improve distribution of 
the normal food supplies, but they have not proved very successful.- Fish- 
in? activitcs are being encouraged. All in all, the food available 
through regular channels ahd throuigh- the- black market combined is barely 
sufficient to keep the people, from starving# It is not a healthy situa¬ 
tion, particularly for the development of a healthy,' stable government, 
Moreover, production suffers when tho. workers lack energy because of mal¬ 
nutrition.- 

Fuel for heat, power and transportation is another pressing \rob- 
lcm. Coal production has been increasing very slowly, and is not yet 
equal to the peak production of tho past, when most of the mining.was' " • •• 
done by underpaid Koreans. At present it does not evon meet basic needs. 
As for clothes-, most of tho population is still wearing its old clothing# 
Tne repair and^ construction, of buildings and housing is going slowly be¬ 
cause of scarcity of materials and inflation# The production of chfucoal 
for the heating of homes is also low, partly because charcoal- maker a need 
more food to sustain- their , labo.r# * 

: ' ■" .. ...... ‘ ’ '’ ’■ ■ nib • . ■ . 

Japan's e conomy .h&sa depended iric reusing ly in the'past on foreign- 
trade, but at.present she has very few goods *to export#' What 'foreign- 
trade there is at present is. of course regulated by the occupation author¬ 
ities^ Japan.is importing raw cotton from tho United States avainy and 
exporting finished cotton goods to Asia. She is also exporting raw-silk 
to the United States, and some coal, pitch and other things to China and 
Korea, • J 

Inflation is a central problem - in.the financial realm, and several 
measures have been taken to combat it. ,A new yen issue*; has been 
brought out to force hoarded-' amounts of old yen out of Riding. Bank 
.deposits have be’en frozen, and withdrawals- limited to specified personal 
needs only#** There are constant efforts to stop the black market,*** 
which is charging inflationary ..prices, but it continues to grow. -The gov¬ 
ernment’s finances are being strengthened through such measures- as the. 
termination of government subsidy .payments to the monopolistic industries 
of the zaibatsu, and of government pensions to soldiers and thoir ami- 
lies,**** except for disabled soldiers. Even princes and princesses 

* Refer to Appendix 17 

** Refer to Appendix 18 

*** Refer to Appendix 19 

**** Refer to Appondix 20 


- 26 - 



tfose matters are the Nisei themselves. The war records of the Nisei of¬ 
ficers and men in the European, Asiatic and Pacific theaters should pro¬ 
vide some answer to the question where their loyalties lie. 

c T he task of hel Ping the Japanese understand and constructively 

lace their present situation is not an easy one, and it is a task which 
e soldier cannot avoid. It is inherent in the situation. The intel¬ 
ligent and loyal American will'do his best,* 


* Refer to Appendix 21« 



~ 29 - 


’’peaceful and responsible government” established ”in accordance with the 
:• roely expressed will of the Japanese people*” Detailed instructions 
given General MacArthur by the United States Government oarla in the ’oc¬ 
cupation stated: 

• ■ . t r v ; • 

”This government should conform as closely as feay be to the urin- 
clples of democratic self-government, but it is not the responsibility of 
the .allied Powers to .imjoose upon Japan any form .of government not suppart- 
ed by the freely expressed will of the people*” 

Clearly, what, hag happened is- the removal of obstructions to the 
free expression of the. will .of the people# Just what form of a peaceful, 
and responsible government is established is up to...the Japanese the: sfives* 
It is an opportunity which no Japanese must fail .to recognize* The remn¬ 
ants of the conservative groups which have governed Japan in' their own 
interests are.seeking-to .gain popular .consent; to a.government, which is 
changed as little as- possible :and still satisfy.. the • surrender terms• At. 
the other oxtrome-are.-the communists, who wiph. a maximum of, change., . By 
virtue of•greater experience and bettor•organization-and,because,Japan.is 
used to their control, the conservatives carry an influence out of•• pro¬ 
portion to their numbers#: How responsible and -how popular a government 
is developed depends•ultimately on how well, the popular forces take ad¬ 
vantage of their new opportunities, and how well they develop leaders# 

Many Japanese are apprehensive over the possiblity of the growth 
of communism* They are shocked at communist demonstrations and at the 
extreme policies the communists advocate# The point to be made in this 
instance is that, the communists are. exercising the .rights of freedom of 
.speech and assembly which are available to all Japanese* ,• And that the 
best way to prevent, the growth of communism in japan,' is. not through sup¬ 
pression, but .through the exercise of these samel rights*. I,?; communism 
sweeps Japan, it.will be. because the majority of the people have not beep 
mobilized to support its .alternatives# 

The war crimes trials “also arcuse controversy in Japan, and' for 
many reasons* The soldier, drawn into this controversy will do well to 
remember that the trials are a part of the world effort to make aggres¬ 
sive war illegal* Recall that the war leaders on trial deceived their 
own people not only ‘into entering upon the war, but also into continuing 
it long after they knew it \7as hopeless# 

The American soldier of Japanese ancestry is bound, to .bo put on 
the spot by Japanese Who want to know his eontime.n.t.s^ toward tbo country 
of his birth and toward tho country of his. ancestors'# " The. byacuatioh and 
relocation were magnified by the official propaganda';machine during the. 
war into monstrous proportions including consficatiqn of property, physi¬ 
cal mistreatment of evacuees, and even rape# The record needs to be 
clarified for the Japanese in as objective a. way as the soldier can man¬ 
age# Otherwise, the only persons Who can provide sat is factor}/ answers on 

- 28 - 


APPENDIX 1 - Continued 


opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives* 

10.W e do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved 
as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall 
be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have 
visited cruelties upon our prisoners* The Japanese Government 
shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening 
of democratic tendencies among the'Japanese people* Freedom of 
speech, ©Religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the 
fundamental human rights shall be established* 

ll*Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries 
as will sustain her'economy and permit the exaction of just 
reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to 
re-arm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from 
control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese 
participation in world trade relations shall be permitted* 

12.The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn 
from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished 
and there has been established in accordance with the freely 
expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined 
and responsible government. 

13*We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim'now 
the unconditipnal surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and 
to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith 
in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter 
destruction. 


appendix: i 


• THE POTSDAM PROCLAMATION 

1. We-thc President of the-United States, the President 
of the National Government of the Republic of China, and 

the Prime Minister of Great B ritain, representing the hundreds 
of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that, 
Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war, 

2. The .prodigious land, sea and air forces 'of the Unites: 
States^, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced 
by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised 

to strike the final blows upon Japan* This military powot is 
sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied 
Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases 
to resist. 

result of the futile and senseless German resistance 
to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands 
lorth^m awful clarity as an example to the people of J apan. 

The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater 
than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessa¬ 
rily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of 
.:?, of thG whol ° German people. The full application of our 
military power, backed by our resolve, WILL mean the inevitable 
and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and 
just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanose home¬ 
land* r 


UoTho time has oomo for Japan to decide whether she will 
continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic 
advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the 
Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether 
she will follow the path of reason* 

5•Following are our terms.’We shall not deviate from 
them. There arc no alternatives. Wo shall brook no delay. 

. mus ^ eliminated for all time the authority lJapan 

and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of' 
into embarking on world conquest, for wo insist that a new or¬ 
der of peace, security and justice will be impossible until 
irresponsible militarism is driven from the world. 

7.Until such a new order is established AND until there ' 
is.convincing proof that Japan’s war-making power is destroyed, 
points in Japanese territory to bo designated by the Allies 1 
shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic ob¬ 
jectives we arc here setting forth* 

8*The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried 
out and Japaneso sovereignty shall be limited to the islands 
of Honshu, Hokkaido, %ushu, Shikoku and such minor islands 
as we determine* 

9«The Japanese military forces, after being completely 
disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the* 


- 30 - 



APPENDIX 2 


INSTRUCT OF SURRENDER 


We,acting by command of and in behalf of the Emperor of 
Japan,the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial c eneral 
Headquarters,hereby accept the provisions set forth in the de¬ 
claration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United 
States,China and Great Britain on 26 July 19U5# a ' fc Potsdam,and^ 
subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist lepu - 
lies,which four powers are hereafter referred to as the Allien 
Powers# 

We ^hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Pow¬ 
ers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all 
Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under Japanese 
control wherever situated# 

We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated 
and the Japanese people to cease hostilities forthwith, to 
preserve and save from damage all ships, aircraft, and mili¬ 
tary and civil property and tc^comply with all requirements 
which may be imposed by the Su preme Commander for the Allied 
Powers or by agencies of the Japanese G 0 \’-ernment at his 
direction. 

We hereby command the Japanese Imperial General head¬ 
quarters to issue at once orders to the Commanders of all * 

Japanese forces and all forces under Japanese control wherever 
situated to surrender unconditionally themselves* and all forces 
under their control. 

We hereby command all civil, military and naval officials 
to obey and enforce all proclamations, orders and directives 
deemed by the Su preme Commander for the Allied Powers to bq 
proper to effectuate this surrender and issued by him or under 
his authority and we direct all such officials to remain at 
their posts and to continue to perform their non-combatant 
duties unless specifically relieved by him or under his 
authority# 

We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese 
Government and their successors to carry'out the provisions 
of the Potsdam Declaration in good faith, and to issue what¬ 
ever orders and take whatever action may be required by the 
Surpreme Commander for the Allied Powers or by any other 
designated representative of the Allied Powers for the purpose 
of giving effect to that Declaration# 

We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Government and 
the Japanese Imperial General I-^eadquarters at once to liberate 

- 33 - 


APPENDIX 1 - Continued 


THE CAIRO DECLARATION 


(Statement released to the press following the conference at- Cairo, 
December 1, I 9 I 4 . 3 ) . 

President Roosevelt, Generalissimo Chiarjg Kai-Shek and Prime 
Minister Churchill, together with their respective military and diplomat¬ 
ic advisers, have completed a conference in North Africa. 

The following general statement was issued: . * . 

“The several military 'missions have agreed upon future mili¬ 
tary operations against Japan. The Three Great Allies expressed their 
resolve to bring unrelenting pressure against their brutal enemies by sea 
land, and air. This pressure, is already rising, 

“The Three Great Allies are fihting this- war-to-restrain and 
punish the aggression of Japan. They covet no gain for themselves and 
have no thought of territorial expansion. It is their purpose that 
Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has 
seized or occupied since the beginning of the first NorId ttfar in 191U, 
and all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Man¬ 
churia, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic 
of China, Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which 
she has taken by violence and greed. The aforesaid three great powers, 
mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, are determined that 
in due course Korea shall become free and independent. 

“With these objects in view the three Allies,, in harmony with 
those of the United Nations at war with Japan, will continue to persevere 
in the serious and prolonged operations necessary to procure the uncond¬ 
itional surrender of Japan." 


- 32 - 





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all allied prisoners of war and civilian internees now under 
apanose control and to provide for their protection, care, 
maintenance and immediate transportation to places as direct© 

The authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government 
to rule the state shall be subject to the Su - preme Commander 
for tne Allied Powers who will take such steps as ho deems 
proper to effectuate these terms of surrender. 


Signed at TOKYO BAY, JAPAN at 0905 on the SECOND 

day of septsmeeITTI9U5.-— -— 


A/_:______ 

3y Command and in behalf of the 
Emperor of Japan' and the Japanese 
Government 


A/ ____ 

By Command and in behalf of the 
Japanese Imperial General 
Headquarters 

Accepted at TOKYO- BAY, JAPAN at 0903 on the SECOND 
day of SEPTEMBER , 1945. . ’ " . 

for the United States, Republic of China, United Kingdom and 
the Union of ^oviet Socialist Republics, and in the interests 
of the other United Nations at war with Japan. 


A/ Douglas MacArthur 


Surpreme. 
Powers. 


A/ __ 

United States Representative 

A/_ 

Republic of : China Representative 

A/ 

United Kingdom Representative 

/ s / _ 

Union of Soviet Socialist 
Republics Representative ^ • 


Dominion of Canada Representative 


Commander for the Allied 


A/_ 

Commonwealth of Australia 
Re pres c ntative 

A/ 

Provisional Government of 
the French Republic 
Re pre s e nta t i ve 

A/ 

KIxTGdom of 1 the Netherlands 
RSpre sentative 

A/ 

Dominion of New Zealand 

Re pr e s c nt a t ive 


- 34 - 






















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APPENDIX 5 - Continued 


ior themselves an economy which will permit the peacetime requirements of 
the population to be met. 

Part II—ALLIED AUTHORITY 

1. Uilitary Occupation 

There -.rill be a military occupation of the Japanese home islands to 
carry into effect the surrender terms and further the achievement of the 
ultimate objectives stated above. The occupation shall have the character 
of an operation in behalf of the principal Allied Powers acting in the in¬ 
terests of the United Nations at war with Japan. For that reason, parti¬ 
cipation of the forces of other nations that have taken a leading part in 
the war against Japan Trill be welcomed and expected# The occupation forces 
Trill be under the command of a suprejne commander designated by the United 
States. 

Although every effort will be made, by consultation and by consti¬ 
tution of appropriate advisory bodies, to establish policies for the con¬ 
duct of the occupation and the control of Japan which will satisfy the 
principal Allied Powers, in the event of any differences of opinion among 
tnem, the policies of the United States will govern. 

2. Relationship to Japanese Government. 

Tne authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government Trill be sub¬ 
ject go tne Supreme Commander, who -.rill possess all p errors necessary to 
exfecbuate the surrender terms and to carry out the policies established 
for the conduct of the occupation and the control of Japan. 

^ Li view of the present character of Japanese society and the desire of 
states to attain its objectives with a minimum ccnumLiment of 
its forces and resources, the Supreme Commander will exercise his authori¬ 
ty through Japanese governmental machinery and agencies, including the 
Emperor, to the extent that this satisfactorily furthers United States ob¬ 
jectives. The Japanese Government will be permitted, under his instruction, 
to exercise the normal powers of government in matters of domestic adminis¬ 
tration. 

This policy, however, will be subject to the right and duty of the 
Supreme Commander to require changes in governmental machinery or person¬ 
nel or to act directly if they Emperor or other Japanese authority does not 
satisfactorily meet the requirements of the Supreme Commander in^effectu- 
ating the surrender terms. This policy, moreover, does not commit the 
Supreme Commander to support tne Emperor or any other Japanese governmental 
authority in opposition to evolutionary changes looking toward the attain¬ 
ment of United States objectives. The policy is to use the existing form 
of government in* Japan, not to support it. 


APPENDIX 5 ~ Continued' 


TEXT OF WHITS HOUSE STATE:HIT W OCCUPATION POLICY IN 

JAPAN 


(The following is a statement of general initial policy relating to Japan 
after surrender prepared jointly by the Department of State,, the War De- 
partmentj and the Navy Department, and approved by the President on Sep¬ 
tember 6, 19li£) 


U,S. INITIAL POST-SURRENDER POLICY FOR JAPAN 
Part I—Ultimate Objectives 


The ultimate objectives of the United States in regard to Japan, 
to which policies in the initial period must conform, are: 

(a) To insure that Japan will not again become a menace to tne 
United States or to the peace and security of the world. 


(b) To bring about the eventual establishment of a peaceful and res¬ 
ponsible Government which willA^espect the rights of other states^and 
will support the objectives of the United States as reflected in uhe 
ideals and principles of the Charter of the United Nations* Tne United 
States desires that this Government should conform as closely as may be 
to principles of democratic self-government but it is not the responsi¬ 
bility. of the Allied Pavers to impose upon Japan any form of government 
not supported by the freely expi'essed will of the people. 


These objectives will be achieved by the following principal means: 

(a) - Japan 1 s-sovereignty will be limited to the islands of Honshu, 
Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor outlying-islands as may be deter¬ 
mined, in accordance with the Cairo Declaration and other agreements to 
which the United States is or may be a party. 

(b) Japan will be completely disarmed aid demilitarized. The autho¬ 

rity of the militarists and the influence of militarism- itxII be .totally 
eliminated from her political, economic and „ocia - e * ‘ , 

expressive of the spirit of militarism and aggression will be vigoiously 

suppressed* 

(cl The Japanese people shall be encouraged to develop a desire for 
individual liberties and respect for fundamental^human rignts, particular- 
1v the freedoms of religion, assembly, speech, and tne pres^. J 
Sso be encoded to form democratic and representative organizations. 


(d) The Japanese people shall be afforded opportunity to develop 

- 9l - 


APPENDIX 5 ~ Continued 


Laws, decrees and regulations "which establish discriminations on 
grounds of race, nationality, creed or political opinion shall be abro¬ 
gated; those which conflict with the objectives and policies outlined in 
this document shall repealed, suspended or amended as required; and 
agencies charged specifically with their enforcement shall be abolished 
or appropriately modified. Persons unjustly confined by Japanese author*, 
rity on political grounds shall be released. The judicial, legal and 
police systems shall be reformed as soon as practicable to conform to the 
policies set forth in Articles 1 and 3 of this Part III and thereafter 
shall be progressively influenced, to protect individual liberties and 
civil rights. 


Part IV—Economic 

1. Economic Demilitarization. 

The existing economic basis of Japanese military strength must be 
destroyed and not be permitted to revive, 

Therefore, a program will be enforced containing the following ele¬ 
ments, among others; the immediate cessation and future prohibition of 
production of all goods designed for tie equipment, maintenance, or use 
of any military force or establishment; the imposition of a ban upon any 
specialized facilities for the production or repair of implements of war, 
including naval vessels and all forms of aircraft; the institution of a 
system of inspection and control over selected elements in Japanese econo¬ 
mic activity to prevent concealed or disguised military preparation; the 
elimination in Japan of those selected industries or branches of production 
whose chief value to Japan is in preparing for war; the prohibition of 
specialized research and instruction directed to the development of war- 
making power; and the limitation of the size and character of Japan 1 s 
heavy industries to its future peaceful requirements, and restriction of 
Japanese merchant shipping to the extent required to accomplish the ob¬ 
jectives of demilitarization. 

The eventual disposition of those existing production facilities with¬ 
in Japan which are to be eliminated in accord with this program, as between 
conversion to other uses, transfer abroad, and scrapping, will be deter— 
mined after inventory. Pending decision, facilities readily convertible 
for civilian production should not be destroyed, except in emergency situ¬ 
ations. 


2. Promotion of Democratic Forces* 

» 

Encouragement shall be given and favor shown to the development of 
organizations in labor, industry and agriculture, organized on a democra¬ 
tic basic* Policies shall be favored "which permit a wide distribution of 
income and of the ownership of the means of production and trade. 


~ $1 ~ 


APPENDIX 5> - Continued 


Changes in the form of government initiated by the Japanese people 
or Government in the direction of modifying its feudal and authoritarian 
tendencies are to be permitted and favored. In the event that the effectu¬ 
ation of such changes involves the use of• force by the Japanese people or 
Government against persons opposed thereto, the Supreme Commander should 
intervene only where necessary to insure the security of his farces and 
the attainment of all other objectives of the occupation. 

3. Publicity as to Policie s• 

The Japanese people, and the world at large, shall be kept fully in¬ 
formed of the objectives and policies of the occupation, and of progress 
made in their fulfillment. 

Part HI—POLITICAL 


1. Disarmament and Demilitarization. 


Disarmament and demilitarization arc the primary tasks of the military 
occupation and sha3.1 be carried out promptly and with determination. Every 
effort shall be made to briig home to the Japanese, people the part played 
by the military and naval leaders, and those who collaborated write them, 
in bringing about the existing and future distress of the people* 


Japan is not to have an army, navy, air force, secret police ox*gani- 
zation, or any civil aviation* Japan* s gTound, air and naval forces shall 
be disarmed and disbanded and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, 
the General Staff and all secret- police organizations shall.be dissolved* 
Military and naval material, military, naval and-civilian aircraft shall 
be surrendered and shall be disposed of as required by the Supreme Commander 

High officials' of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, and 
Goneral°Staff, other high military and naval officials of the.Japanese 
Government, leaders of ultra-nationalist and militarist organizations and 
other important e:q?oncnts of militarism and aggression will be bi-.^en in o 
custody and held for future disposition* 


Persons who have been active exponents of militarism and militant 
nationalism will be removed and excluded from public office anc rom any 
other position of public or substantial private responsibility, ultra- 
nationalistic or militaristic social, politic^., professional and coi.rn.r- 
cial societies and institutions ".fill be dissolved and prohibite... 


Militarism, and. ultra-nationalism, in doctrine and practice, 
w -oara-military training, shall bo -eliminated from tne educational sys¬ 
tem * Former career military and .naval officers, both bommissxaieci and non¬ 
commissioned, and all other exponents of militarism^nd ultra-nationalism 
shall be excluded from supervisory and teaching positions. 


* ■- 56 - 



APPENDIX 5 - Continued 


THE I DSC ON DECLARATI©! 


At the meeting which took place in Moscow from December 1 6 to Decem¬ 
ber 26, l$h% of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet 
Socialist Republics, the United States of America and the United Kingdom, 
agreement was reached on the following questions:* 


II 

FAR FASTER!'! COMMISSI©! AND ALLIED COUNCIL FOR JAPAN 


A. FAR FASTER!! COMMISSION 

Agreement was reached, with the ccncurrence of China, for the es¬ 
tablishment of a Far Eastern Commission to take the place of the Far East¬ 
ern Advisory Commission. The Terms of Reference for the Far Eastern Com¬ 
mission are as follows: 


I. Establishment of the Commission 

A. Far Eastern Commission is hereby established composed of the repre¬ 
sentatives of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, 
United States, China, France* the Netherlands, Canada, Australia, New 
Zealand, India, and the Philippine Commonwealth. 

II. Functions 

A. The functions of the Far Eastern Commission shall be: 

1. To formulate the policies, principles, and standards in con¬ 
formity with which the fulfillment by Japan of its obligations 
under the Terms of Surrender may be accomplished. 

2» To review, on the request of any member, any directive issued 
to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or any action 
taken by the Supreme Commander involving policy decisions with¬ 
in the jurisdiction of the Commission. 

3. To consider such other matters as may be assigned to it by 
agreement among the participating Governments reached in ac¬ 
cordance with the voting procedure provided for in Article 
V-2 hereunder. 

B. The Commission shall not. make recommendations with regard to the 
conduct of military operations nor with regard to territorial adjustments, 

C. The Commission in its activities will proceed from the fact that 
tnere has been formed an Allied Council for Japan and will respect existing 
* faly the section dealing wi th Japa n is reproduced here. 




APPENDIX 5 - Continued 


Those .forms of economic activity, organization and leadership shall 
be favored that are deemed likely to strengthen- the peaceful- disposition 
of the Japanese people, and to make it difficult to command or direct 
economic activity in support of military ends, 

.To this end it shall be the policy of the Supreme Commander: 

(A) To prohibit the retention in or selection for places of impor¬ 
tance in the economic field of individuals who do not direct future Japan¬ 
ese economic effort solely toward peaceful ends; and 

(B) To favor a program for the dissolution of the large industrial 
and banking combinations which have exercised control of a great part of 
Japan* s trade and industry..•• 


/ 


58 





APPENDIX 5 - Continued 


Powers: United States, United Kingdon. Union of Soviet Socialist Repub¬ 
lics and China. 

VI* Location and Organization 

1. The Far Eastern Commission shall have its headquarters in "lashing- 
ton* It nay meet at other places as occasion requires, including Tokyo, 
if and when it deems it desirable to do so* It may make such arrangements 
through the Chairman as may be practicable for consultation with the Su¬ 
preme Commander for the Allied Powers* 

2. Each representative on the Commission may be accompanied by an 
appropriate staff comprising both civilian and military representation* 

3* The Commission shall organize its secretariat, appoint such com¬ 
mittees as may be deemed advisable, and otherwise perfect its organiza¬ 
tion and procedure. 

VII, Termination 

The Far Eastern Commission shall oease to function when a decision 
to that effect is taken by the concurrence of at least a majority of all 
the representatives including the representatives of the four following 
Powers: United States, United Kingdom, Union of Soviet Socialist Repub¬ 
lics and China* Prior to the termination of its functions the Commission 
shall transfer to any interim or permanent security organization of which 
the participating governments are members those functions -which may appro¬ 
priately be transferred* 

It was agreed that the Government of the United States on behalf of 
the four Powers should present the Terms of Reference to the other Govern¬ 
ments specified in Article I and invite them to participate in the Commis¬ 
sion on the revised basis. 

B* ALLIED COUNCIL FOR JAPAN 

The following agreement was also reached, with the concurrence of 
China, for the establishment of an Allied Council for Japan: 

1. There shall be established an Allied Council with its seat in 
Tolq,/o under the chairmanship of the Supreme Commander for the Allied 
Powers (or his Deputy) for the purpose of consulting with and a dvising 
the Supreme Commander in regard to the implementation of the Terms of 
Surrender, the occupation and control of Japan, and of directives supple¬ 
mentary thereto; and for the purpose of exercising the control authority 
herein granted* 


2. Tne membership of the Allied Council shall consist of the Supreme 

V - 61 


t 



APPENDIX 5 - Continued 


control machinery in Japan, including the chain of command from the United 
States Government to the Supreme Commander and the Supremo Commander 1 s 
command of occupation forces. 

Ill* Functions of the United States Government 

1. The United States Government shall prepare directives in accord¬ 
ance with policy decisions of the Commission and shall transmit them to the 
Supreme Commander through the appropriate United States Government agency. 
The Supreme Commander shall be charged with the implementation of the di¬ 
rectives which express the policy decisions of the Commission. 

2. If the Commission decides that any directive or action reviewed 
in accordance with Article II-A-2 should be modified, its decision shall 
be regarded as a policy decision. 

3. The United States Government may issue interim directives to the 

Supreme Commander pending action by the Commission whenever urgent matters 
arise not covered by policies already formulated by the Commission; pro¬ 
vided that any directives dealing with fundamental changes in the Japan¬ 
ese constitutional structure or in the regime of control, or dealing rath 
a change in the Japanese Government as a whole will be issued only follow¬ 
ing consultation and following the attainment of agreement in the Far East¬ 
ern Commission. . . - 

1*. All directives issued shall be filed with the Commission. 

IV. Other Methods of Consultation 

The establishment of the Commission shall not preclude the use of 
other methods of consultation on Far.Eastern issues by the participating 
Governments • 

V. Composition 

1. The Far Eastern Commission shall consist of one representative 
of each, of the States party to this agreement. The membership of the 
Commission may be increased by agreement among the participating Powers 
q.s conditions warrant by the addition of representatives of other United 
Nations in the Far East or having territories therein. The Commission 
shall provide for full and adequate consultations, as occasion may require, 
with representatives of the United Nations not members of the Commission 

in regard to matters before the Commission which are of particular concern 
to such nations. 

2. The Commission may take action by less than unanimous vote pro¬ 
vided that action shall have the concurrence of at least a majority of 

all the representatives Including, the representatives of the four following 

- 60 - 


xtrriMtDIX* 5-Continued 


TEXT OF YALTA ACCORD ON SOVIET JAR ON JAPAN 

(Following is the text of the secret agreement between the late Pre¬ 
sident Roosevelt, former Prime iiinister Churchill, and Generalissimo 
Stalin, signed in Yalta, the Crimea, on February 11, lpid?, as made 
public by the State Department on February 11, 19a6:) 


The leaders of the -three great powers—the Soviet Union, the United 
States of America and Great Britain—have agreed that in two or tliree 
months after Germany has surrendered and the war in Europe has termi¬ 
nated the Soviet Union shall enter into the war against Japan on the 
side of the Allies on condition that: 

(1) The status quo in Outer Mongolia (the Mongolian People ^-Re¬ 
public) shall be preserved; 

(2) The former rights of Russia violated by the treacherous attack 
of Japan in 190k shall be restored, viz.: 

(a) The southern part of Sakhalin as well as all the islands 
adjacent to it shall be returned to the Soviet Union* 

(b) The commercial port of Dairen shall be internationalized, 
the preeminent interests of the Soviet Union in this port being safe¬ 
guarded and the lease of Port Arthur as a naval base of the U.S.S.R. res¬ 
tored. 


(c) The Chinese Eastern Railroad and the South Manchurian 
Railroad which provides an outlet to Dairen shall be jointly operated 
by the establishment of a joint Soviet-Chinese company, it being under¬ 
stood that the pre-eminent interests of the Soviet Union shall be safe¬ 
guarded and that China shall retain full sovereignty in Manchuria; 

(3) The Kurile Islands shall be handed over to the Soviet Union. 

It is understood that the agreement concerning Cuter Mongolia and 
the ports and railroads referred to above will require concurrence of 
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. The President will take measures in order 
to obtain this concurrence on advice from Marshal Stalin. 


The heads of the three great powers have agreed that these claims 
of the Soviet Union shall be unquestionably fulfilled after Japan has 
been defeated. 

For its part the Soviet Union egresses its readiness to conclude 
with the National Government of China a pact of friendship and alliance 
between the -U,S.S.R. and China in order to render assistance to China 
with its armed forces for the purpose of liberating China from the Japan¬ 
ese yoke. February 11, 

J. STALIN 

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT' 

MINSTON S. CHURCHILL 

- 63 - 



APPENDIX 5 - Continued 


Ccoriander (or his Deputy) who shall be Chairman and United States 
memberj a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics member j a Chinese'member; 
and a member representing jointly the United Kingdom, Australia, New 
Zealand, and India. 

3. Each member shall be entitled to have an appropriate staff con¬ 
sisting of military and civilian advisers.. 

U. The Allied Council shall meet not less often than once every two 
weeks• 

5. The Supreme Commander'shall issue all orders for the implementa¬ 
tion of the Terms of Surrender, the occupation and control of Japan, and 
directives supplementary thereto. In all cases action will be carried 
out under and through the Supreme Commander who is the solo executive 
authority for the Allied Pavers in Japan. He will consult ana advise 
with the Council in advance of the issuance of orders on matters of sub¬ 
stance, the exigencies of the situation permitting. His decisions upon 
these matters shall be controlling. 

6. If, regarding the implementation of policy decisions of the Far 
Eastern C amis si on on questions concerning a change in the regime of con¬ 
trol, fundamental changes in the Japanese constitutional structure, and a 
change in the Japanese Government as a whole, a member of the Council dis¬ 
agrees with the Supreme Commander (or his Deputy), the Supreme Commander 
will withhold the issuance of orders on these questions pending agree¬ 
ment thereon in the Far Eastern Commission. 

7. In cases of necessity the Supreme Commander may take decisions 
concerning the change of individual ministers of the Japanese Government, 
or. concerning the filling of vacancies created by the resignation of in¬ 
dividual cabinet members, after appropriate consultation with the repre¬ 
sentatives of the other Allied Parers on the Allied Council. 


- 62 - 


APPENDIX 6-Continued 


Imperial Ordinance No. 63h (l 9k$) pertaining to the rescission of 
the Japanese Conscription Law, etc. 



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APPENDIX 7 


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president of the North China Development Company, and 
Finance Minister under Tojo, 


KIDO, Koichi.cabinet minister under Konoye and Hiranuma; Lord 

, g _ Keeper of the Privy Seal from 1940 to 1945* chief 

TjCF* ^ confidential advisor to the Emperor and chairman of 

meetings of ex-proniers. 


KILiURA, Heitaro...., former general, chief of staff of the Kwantung Army, 
Vice-War Minister under Konoye and To jo, and connand- 
er-in-chief of the Japanese Army in Burma in 1944. 


former general. Prime Minister from July 1944 to 
April 1945, chief of staff of the Kwantung Andy, 
Overseen Minister under Hiranuma and 1'onai, and Go¬ 
vernor -General of Korea in 1942, 


KOISO, Kuniaki 

§!&8 


MATSU I, Iwanc 


former general, comander-in-chief of Japanese forces 
in Central China in 1937 and 1938, member'of the 
Cabinet Advisory Council in 1938 and 1939, and presi¬ 
dent of the Greater East Asia Development Society* 


MATSUOKA, Yosuke. 

mn ## 


.Foreign Minister under Konoye in 1940 and 1941, chief 
delegate to the League of Nations Assembly in 1933j 
and president of the South Manchurian Railway f^on 
1935 to 1939. 


MIMAMI, Jiro.. 

-m 3fcB|5 


.former general, member of the Privy Council from 1942 
to 1945, War Minister in 1931 and c ermander-in-chief 
of Kwantung Army from 1934 to 1936. 


MJTO, Akira.. 

it# 


.chief of the Military Affairs Bureau of the War Minis¬ 
try from 1939 to 1942, and chief of staff of the 14th 
Area Army in the Philippines under Yanashita in 1944. 


NAGANO, Os ami 

7km 


former admiral. Navy Minister under Hirota, connander- 
in-chief of the combined fleet in 1937 ana member of 
the Supreme War Council in 1940. 


- 79 - 











APEEDiZ 9 

FROM KIPP® TIMES (APRIL 30, 19k&) 


JAPAN'S TOP 'AR AKD POLITICAL LEADERS 
(Fror.i 1 Jcji l?2o to 2 Sept 194) 


ARAKI, Sadao... 


. .former general, ".far Minister, member‘ of the Supreme 
War Council and Education Minister. 


DOIHARA, Keivji.fomer general, commander of Special Service Section 

1 in Manchuria, chief advisor to the North China auto- 

—- n emeus government, and Inspector General of Military 

Training.. 


HASHHIGTO, King oro. 

fee Skis 


.commander of an artillery regiment during the rape of 
Waking and of Japanese forces .nicn scelled tnc Lady 
bird and the Panay, a founder of the Inperial Rule 
Assistance. Association and alleged to have been a 
promoter of plots to remove- politicians not considered 
sufficiently aggressive. 


HATA, Shunroku. 

m ffc* 


•former general, member of Supreme Jar Council, ^ar 
Minister, and commander-in-chief of the Expeditionary 
Force in Central China from July 19U0 to 1944* 


HIRANUM, Kiichiro, 

HIROTA, Koki. 

JtES 

HOSKDIO, 'Naoki.... 


.Prime Minister in -1939, former president of the Privy 
Council and cabinet minister under Konoyc. 


.Prime Minister from March 1936 to February 19375 ond 
Foreign Minister under Salto, Okada and Konoye. 

.chief of General Affairs in Manchukuo in July 1937, 
president of the Planning Board under Konoye and Cme^ 
Secretary and Minister of State under Tojo. 


ITAGAKI, Seishiro, 


KAYA, Okinori. 


.former general, chief of staff of Kwantung Army and 
War Minister under Konoye and Hiranuria* 


.Minister of Finance under Konoye in 1937 ?nd 19xe, 

- 78 - 







APPENDIX 11 

The SCAPES Memorandum pertaining to “Removal and Exclusion of Un¬ 
desirable Personnel from Public Office* n 

SUPREME GENERAI T -;.rcBARTERS 
so*®®® coMKumn fop tit allied forces 


aw boo 

4 January 19)46 

091,1 (I4 j an ^6) 

F0R: ™pertal ja?/.': ae cc'nmmT 

SVSWCf ! S* ntrr l Uaison ( " f { ioe ' Tokyo 

‘ and "xclusicr: of Undesirable Personnel from 

Public Office 

all «V 1!)° Po h dap declaration states: "There must be eliminated for 
misled the 110 au thority and influence of those who have dcooivod and 
in bt that^° P °f JapaC lnto **»**«« on world conquest, for wo 

mhurtilM ° X ° r ?° aoe ’ security, and justice will be imposs¬ 
ible until irresponsible militrisr is driven from the world." 

ion the Imperial* u 6 P rovision of the Potsdam Doolarat- 

ES- : ” s - ss 


- v Heuristic nationalise and aggression* 


a. Active cxDoncnts o 

b# SSmo T berG °: ^Ura-nat^onai[ Jt Ic" 

almCtosfor S ° CPOt F=triCtiC ^ ».*>noioa or 


3. The 
and includes: 

a. 


b. 


Influential in the activities of the Imperial Pules 

PoHtJcal S sXrt iati °h th ° Ira P erial T-ulos Assistance 
} r * 10 Society or thc Political Association of Groat 

sk ddrAuv:: 3;,rs are dcfi!V!rt in App - dix v to 

te ™ " PUhli ° « W* in this directive shall mean 

sHSjS £«-S^STEStS S'oS.. 

or a, oivi ” a " 

aril^fUlod"bvT- ^^not^ custom- 

oquivolont or superior to the civil’ se^ETranVof 18 
iorunin v m tho case of government corporation tho 
term will include at least, Chairman o/the IcXd o“ 
Krteir^' Vice-President, Director, Advisor 


- 81 - 



APPENDIX 9 - Continued 


OKA, Takasumi 

m Sfcw 


.former vice admiral, chief of the General and Military 
Affairs Bureau of the Navy from 1940 to 1944 and vice 
Navy Minister-under Koiso in 1944. .... 


OKAJA, Shumei 


an officer of the. South Manchurian Railway alleged 
to have been'an organizer of the Mukden incident on 
September 18, 1931; and a propagandist for the vhite 
races from Asia by aggressive war. .... 


OSH.ri.IA, Hiroshi 

-fcBj '/S* 


ambassador to Germany 1933 and 1939 and from 1941 
to 1945. 


SATO, Kenryo 

mi *7 


(former Lt General, chief of the Military Affairs 
Bureau of the 'Jar Ministry from 1942 to 19UU. 


SHIGEUITSU, 

Wt 


Mamoru. .Foreign Minister under To jo and Koiso .from April 1943 
to April 1945, and former ambassador to USSR, Great 
Britain and puppet government of Nanking. • ■ • ■' 


SHB3ADA, Shigetar o. 


.former admiral, Navy Minister under To jo in 1941, 
member of Supreme Jar Council in. 191*4• . 


and 


SHIRATORI, Tcshio. 

a* 


..ambassador to Italy in 
Foreign Office in 1940 


1939 and advisor to the Japanese 


SUZUKI, Teiichi.... 

rt— 


.president of the Cabinet Planning Board and minister 
■without portfolio under Konoye and Tojo ire? 1 19U1“U3 


TCGO, 

mi 


Shigenori.. 


Foreign Minister under Tojo from October 19*41 
March 1942 and under Suzuki in. 1945. 


to 


TOJO, Bideki.«•• 

UMEZU, loshijiro 


...former general. Premier and Jar Minister from December. 

2, 1941 to July 1944. 

...former general. Vice Mar Minister from 1936 to 1933, 
and commander-in-chief of the kvrantung Amy- xram ^939 

to 1944 and chief of the general staff m 1944 and 

1945. 








APPENDIX 10 


9. Appendix ? ’A M contains a list of the categories of persons 
who must be rer.-ved from public office and excluded from government 
service b^ the Imperial Japanese Government in order to carry out 
the provisions of Parq^raph 9. of this directive* Persons included in 
the categories listed in Append?x !t A {? shall be removed from public 
office as provided in Paragraph h ;.nd 10 and shall hereafter be exclud¬ 
ed from government service* "c:vovo-, if the Imperial Japanese Govern¬ 
ment represents that in order to carry on indispensable' peaceful executive 
activities of such government, the temporary reinstatement of an indiv¬ 
idual so removed is essential and that it is impossible to obtain a 

su:table replacement, an application so stating signed by a responsible 
official of the Imperial Japanese Government, may bo filed wit’-"this 
"■"e ad quarters • °uch application shall contain a statement, of the name, 
rani:, position, duties, and responsibilities of the individual envolvod; 
shall state fully the reasons whv sue) temporary reinstatement is regard¬ 
ed as essential, the requested, period of temporary reinstatement and 
the efforts made to obtain a suitable replacement. Such application sha.ll 
be accompanied by a copy of t’-e quest?empire described in Paragraph 10, 
below. No such temporary roInst"turnert will be effected bv the Imperial 
Japanese Government until this oadqvr.rters has registered its aooroval 
in writing. 

10. In order to insure that the government service is cleansed of 
undesirable personnel th? following action will be taken: 


a * The Imperial Japanese Government will instruct each of 
its Ministries or other appropriate agencies to remove from the oositio^s 
described in Paragraph 3 which arc within its competence, any persons 
whom the records show or who arc., known to have been within the' cc tagorios ‘ 
listed in Appendix ff A”. A questionnaire (see below) will be obtained 
from each such individual before he is notified of his dismissal. 


, . k* In addition, the Imperial Japanese Government will instr¬ 

uct each of its Ministries or othc'r‘-afcnc'ios to prepare and distribute 
to all incumbents of positions described in Paragraph 3 and to future 
applicants for government positions which arc within its competence, 
too Questionnaire contained in Appendix Such Questionnaire will 
bo reviewed and on thobasis of thorn and ‘any other knowledge in possess¬ 
ion cu the Government individuals -ill bo removed from office or denied 
employment in accordance with the provisions of this directive. 

11. Each Ministry or oth .r appropriate agency will nropo.ro a Plan 
for handling the Cu stionnair ;s wMc v will provide for: 

Distribution 
Collection 
Review 

Action on basis of information in Questionnaire. 

rifw *• f la y lf )° atioc ar - d this system should pormit 

XdXX ' l , th0 h° stionnairo in tcnss of ac-onoy, ra-* of offiol-Is, 
and action taken (e.g, rempval or retention) 

- 83 - 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 



APPENDIX 10 - Continued 


* 4 , The terra ” rove r~ h }nt .r • r* *i-r d” a s’ used in • this- directive shall 
mean and inolu.de all positions ir etc central Japanese and Prefecture 1 
Governments and all of th ir agencies and local branches, bureaus 
(including Regional Administerativ^ bureaus) and offices and all positi¬ 
ons in corporations, associations and other organizations in which said 
government or any of their agencies have a financial interest represent¬ 
ing actual or working control. 

5* The term '’remove from public office” as used in this directive 
shall mean to discharge the person from the public office which he holds 
and to terminate his influence and participation therein, directly and 
indirectly. Persons removed from public office will not bo entitled to 
any public or private pensions or other emoluments or benifits without 
the consent of this Headquarters. An official removed under this proced¬ 
ure will be dismissed summarily and will not be entitled to the hearing 
or other procedures precedent to removal to which.'};, nay hare b-on entit¬ 
led under Japanese law. 

6 , The term ’’exclude from government service” as used in this dir¬ 
ective shall -mean to bar the p -reon in question from any position in the 
government service. Thus, persons r moved from public office will be dis¬ 
qualified ‘from holding any other positions in the government service. 

Also persons who may not be holding public offices from which they must 
be removed, may nevertheless be disqualified from taking a position in 
the government service. This disqualification from holding public office 
shall be continued until tho provisions of the Potsdam declaration quoted 
in "aragraph 1 have been fulfilled in Japan, 

7, The mere rcmo-T.l an official from .public • off ice and the exclu 

si on from government servi ce of these persons described b .rein will not 
be sufficient to establish the now' order of peace, security and•justice 
envisaged by the Potsdam Declaration. If Japan :'s to achieve a peacefully 
inclined and responsible govor^wort, the greatest care must be taken to 
appoint new officials who will foster the revival and strengthening of 
democratic tendencies among the- Japanese people and who will respect 
fundamental human rights and freedom of speech, religion and thought. 

If existing civil service qualification.-regulations provide obstacles 
to the appointment of such officials or urntedly narrows the field from 
which appointments may bo made, such regulations shall be amended or 
superseded, 

8 , The removals ordered bs r tide directive shall bo effected as 
expeditiously as possible, priority being given to tho more important 
p: sitions. Removal may be postponed in tho case of individuals who are 
absolutely required to insure demobilization of tho Japanese armc<;l forces 
in the outlying theaters or to w rr> out the provisions of this directive 

on their assistance is no longer absolutelv required tnoy will be dis¬ 
missed, The names of such iudividurIs, their positions, tho reason for 
their disqualification, and tbo reasons for their temporary retention 
will be promptly reported to this T eadquartors* The time of their innal 
dismissal will also bo pronptlv roported, 

- 82 - 


APPENDIX 10-C on t inue d 


16 * Thls f °adquart3rs will provide for inepaetions end irvestiro- 
tior.s necessary to chock coinlin-co with this directive, and the Twee— 
ial Japanese Government will render any assistance required for the' 

Tel " 0f „ su0h “speotions and invostipotions. Action taken bv the 
GoVorn fN with r,s ? 05t to r. moval or denial of employment 
with respect to disqualification of candidtatos for elective office 
bo roVlcwed and may be r versed by this Headquarters. 

! n J fUl f ? lsif ^ cati ? n of or ^ ilnre to make full and complete 
in t v -'- d^(r °,/' ny r - port, or Application provided for 

n? 1V0 W b ) pullish - hlc hy tho Supremo Commander for the 

Tmocri^T rS aS V 10lati0n of thc Vendor forms. In addition, the 
nrov^ X nf P 2 S ° G °y crnKGnt Wil1 **&*> a «y provisions necessary to 
h . ^equate, puiiishinent an Japanese courts and under Japanese law 

v 1 W1 -*f ul falsification or ron-disclosurc and will undertake • 
such prosecutions as may bo required. 

13. In addition to the g-.norr.i: provisions of this directive 

roro"restrietiv^ 11C ° ffiC ° S | has made and ^ make 

of Ldvi?mi f r * ^poct? ng employment of certain classes 

individuals at all levels in special fields. 

19. All officials and su v, cr' ;, 'ir.' : t q n o -m-,- v t 

end letter of thlTTrlltl°l ° C "* * ^ adheronoa to thc s P irit 


FOR THE 3tTPRD^ 


BVf. ALLEN 
Colonel, A.^.D. 

Asst. Adjutant General 

Inclosures: 

Appendix A—Removal and exclusion Categories 
appendix E —Questionnaire ((omitted)} 

Appendix C—Questionnaire Record Card ((omitted)) 

AiV- ■ADA "A” 


A - .JV.e all "AC I AS ION CATAGORIES 


A. -Jar Criminals 

Persons arrested as susoeotod wrr 
aquittod. 


P. Career military and naval nersorro 

oi thc war ministries. 


criminals unless released or 
1: special police and officials 




APPENDIX 10-0 ant inued 


IP. Each Elan will provii- for screening of positions occupied 
V- higher rank officials first. A duplicate set of?St?8Snaires will 
he provided at the '■ oadqiSartors of cac’ Ministry or other agency where 
ttore will ho available for inspects or. or removal hy this cadqu.arters. 

13. In add it: on to the yostierra? res -ach Ministry or other 
agency will maintain at its hea c 1 enters an alphabetical filo of 
Qu•stionnaire Record Cards substantially in the form indicated in 
Appendix W C W available for inspection or removal by this headquarters. 
The cards will be filled out in hylish (also in Japanese if desired). 
Identical numbers, with an identifier g svmbol for each Ministry or 
other agency will be assigned to oacJ (,.u.ostionnaire and the Record Card 
relating thereto. 


lU. Jn order that the forthcoming election may^ av '^°a full opport¬ 
unity for democratic elements in Japan to obtain memberships in the 
Imperial Diot denied them during the 1 years of Japan’s militaristic 
nationalism and aggression and in order to clcmin-to from the . ■ . aict 
the influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan 
into embarking into world conquest, an- person who comes within the 
cataaories described in Appendix shall bo disqualified as a candid¬ 
ate for any elective position in the Imperial D ict. /my such pcrson^shall 
bo disqualified from standing -t any time as a candidate for ferfoctural 
Governor or mayor of a citv (shi). Also, all such persons shall oe.remov¬ 
ed from and henceforth' excluded from and appointment to the douse oj. 
Poors. The Imperial Japanese ‘-cvernircnt shall adopt measures;co cniorco 

ve*. X agUttgBg. 

election. A comprehensive report of the insures proposed and to be 
adopted will be furnished to t j e, cadquartcrs. 

15. T ho Imperial Japanese Government will mako the following 
rooort to this "eadquartors 'in t.M. in triplicate). 


a. 

b. 


c. 


Rrnorts roam‘r ■ IV ra graph 6 and li| hereof. 
Kitial r iport it the Plan of each ministry or otner 
An m-tici ^ . h n. This headquarters 

XdlrEthovMiof oranvAf thoso Pirns if they arc 


any of those Plans 

not considered adequate. • 

A wcohlv report, divided into sections for tho Holds 
of competence of each Ministry or other 


igcncy, showing: 


(1) 

( 2 ) 
(3) 
(U) 


Total nwb-.re of positions whose incumbents arc 
Hlbor^dAAAcf'positions investigated Previous* 
pLEr ofpAsons rhS^d o'r'diniod employment 

during tn '.f 1 Asitions! and Questionnaire numbers 
oFpfrsoas lived 'or doniod ovpioykent during tho 
current we"A. 


APPjTiJDLC lO-Continued 


D. Persons influential in the activities' of IRFA, I RAPS, and tho 
Political Association of ^rc-t Annan, 

^ny person who has at anv tire: 

1* Bocn a founder or national officer, a national director, 
national committee chairman, or a loading official of a 
profccturn1 or metropolitan subdivision of; or 

2. Boon an editor of anv publication or organ of: 

a. The Imperial Rule assistance Association (Taisoi ^oku- 

sankai) and anv of its affiliates, 

b. Tho Imperial Rule assistance Political Society (Tcisci 
Scijikai) and an- of its affiliates or agencies. 

c. The Political association of Groat Japan’and anv 0 f its 
affiliates or agencies. 


Japanese°oxpansionsF°^ al ° nc! 3 ^° lcpc0nt OrgaaUctions involved in 

Any person who at anv time betwe n 7 July 1937 and 2 September 
19Up, occupied any of the .positions listed below; 

Chairman of the Board of -'ircctors. President, Vice-President, 
Director, Advisor, or Auditor of any of the following or, in 
territory occupied by tho Japanese armed forces since 7 Julv 
1937, manager of a branch of; 

South Manchuri \n A'.: lwpv Company 
Manchuria Development Company 
Forth Chin-> Development Company 
Central °hina Deviloomnet Company 
Southern Development ompanv 
Taiwan Development Conpary 

Manchuria oavy Industrial Development Company 
Na.nyo Development Company 1 

0riental^Devolopment Companv 
Wartime pinaco Fo.nk 
United Funds Bank 
Southern Development Pan! 

Overseas Fund Bank 
Chosen Colonization Ban 1 :: 

Dc-utcho Bank Fucr Dstasion 
Bank of Chosen 
Bank of Taiwan 
Bank of Manchukuo 
Manchurian Development Bank 
Korean Trust Cvueany 

J-r.y other bank, lov^lo ;ront company or institution whoso 

fFSF h° n AF ftacl »S of colonisation and dove lop-on 

v.ctx\ ltics in colonial and oapr.noso occupied territory, or th_ finene¬ 
ss of TOr production by the nobiliw.tion or control of tho financial 
resources of colonial or Japanese occupied territories: 

- 37 - 



APPENDIX 10-Continued 


Any person who at any timo has hold any of tho following positions: 


1. Member .of: 

Board of Float Admirals and Field Marshals 

Supremo Military Council 

Imperial Genoral Voudquarters 

Army and Navy General Staff 

Supremo Council for direction of the War 

•2. Cemmisioned Officor in the Imperial Japanese Regular Army or 
Navy or in tho S pe c ia 1' Vo lun’te©r Roserve. 

3 . Commisionod-or'nor-commisioned officer, enlisted man or civilian 
employee who' served in or with the Military Police (Fempoi Tai) or 
Naval'Police, the TOKUMB A IVAN, : 'AT GIN TO T 'Wy BIT, or other special or 
socret intelligence or military police organizations• 

U. Ministry of War (ikiloss appointed since 2 September 1945') 
Minister 

Permanent Vice-Minister 
Parliamentary Vice-Minister 
Parliamentary Councillor 
Chief Secretary 

All civilian officials of the civil service rank of Chokunin, 
or above, or who occupy positions normally held by persons of 
such rank. 

5 . Ministry of the Haw (Vnlcss appointed since 2 Scptom.ber 1945) 
Minister 

Permanent Vice-minister 
Parliamentary Vic ^-minister 
Parliamentary Councillor 
Chief Secretary 

All civilian officials of tho civil service rank of Chokunin, 
or above, or who occupy positions normally held by persons of 
such rank. 

C. Influential members’of NLtra-nationalistic, Terroristic or Secret 
patriotic 'Societies• 

Any persons who has at any timer 

1. Been a founder, officer, or director of; or 

2. Occupied anv post of authority in; or 

3 . Been an editor of anv publication or organ of; or 

4. Made substantial voluntary contributions (a sum or property 
the value of which is larpo in itself or large in proportion 
to tho means of tin individual in question) to any of tno 
organizations or their branches, subsidiaries, agencies, or 
•affiliates (other than the organizations referred to m Para¬ 
graph D below) doscrib- d in the Memorandum to the Japanese 
Government on "Abolition of certain political parties, assoc¬ 
iations and societies" AG 091 (4 J c - n 46) GS. 


AFPSHDrC IQ-Continued 


11. Others; 

Responsible Japanese Officials controlling collaboration¬ 
ist antiv ■ :r:v onts in the Mongolian foderated 
Autonomous 'rovomnent, the Philippines Puppet Republic, 
the Provisional Government of Free India, and Thailand. 


89 


APPENDIX 10-Continued 


F* Governors of Occupied territories, 

Jo.panose officious who have held the positions listed below: 

1. Korea; 

Govornor General , 

Chief Civil Administorater 
Member of the Privy Council 

2, Formosa; 

Governor General 
Chief Civilain Administorator 

3 * ' Kwantungj 

Governor General 
Chief Administcrator 

Director of the Bureau of j r.cification 

i|. South Seas; 

Governor General 

Director of South Idas dir ini s to ration Office 

5, Netherlands East -Indies'; 

Chief Military Administorator 
Chief Civil Administcrator 

6, Malaya; 

Chief ''ilitary administcrator 
Chief Civil Administer .tor 
Mayor of Singapore 

7, French Indo-China; 

Govornor General 
Inspector General of Police- 
Director of Bureau of General affairs 
Financial Charge d’affaires . .. 

• . ■ 

8, Burma; ... 

Chief of Political .Affairs 

D°partment of the Japanese 
Mi 1 i tarry A dm ini s to ratio a. 

Chief of Internal .A' airs 
Department of the Central adminis to ration 
Advisor to the Burmese Adrinistoration 
9# China* 

Advisors, to .the Nanking puppet Government 
Ambassador- • . 

10,. Manchukuo; 

Director,of.-General -,..ffairs Board 
Vice-Director of General .Affairs Board 

Officers of tho Contra! Grrav-ization of the Concordia Society 

- 88 - 


APPENDIX lQ~Gontimied 


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N 0 T E 


PAGE NINETY 


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APPENDIX 11-Continue d 


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APPENDIX 15 


THE DISSOLUTION OF THE ZAIBATSU 


In order to comprehend tho oconomic influenco possessed by the 
great money lords of Japan, ire must look into the history of the Zaibatsu. 

During the decade immediately preceding the war., Japan ? s richest 
man was Baron Takakini Mitsui. Oland D. Russell, in his book T he House 
o f Mitsui , says*. "he is the eleventh descendant in direct lino of the 
main dynasty from Sokubci, the sake-brewer who vras the first Mitsui to 
enter trade," That vras in the Eighteenth century. Since that tine, the 
Mitsui have expanded from the'sake ana shoyu commerce to banks and invest¬ 
ment houses, to the acquisition of shipyards and great automobile factories. 

In all, fifteen great families had comprised the Zaibatsu; the royal 
household vras one of these. However, the four leaders in the financial^ 
bear-hugging of Japan’s wealth vras the Mitsui (ML P\~ ), Mitsubishi (2~ r %) > 
Sumitomo ( it. ), and Yasuda( 4ty V0 ). During the eighty years just 
past, these have owned large shares of stock in Japan’s banking, commerce, 
manufacturing, mining, and shipping. Their efforts always managed to push 
up prices and hold down wages. 

Consequently, the Zaibatsu were able to revel in correspondingly 
great political power. This power was felt not only at home, but abroad, 
in whatever geographic conquest Japan happened to be making, 

John Goette, in his Japan Fights for Asia , attributes the strength 
of tho Zaibatsu at home to a deeply rooted fear of communism, that had 
existed in Japan since 1868, and to tho political impotence of the middle 
and labor classes. But her more carefully planned economic aggression over¬ 
seas is a matter of several complexities. 

For example, soon after the Manchurian incident, former Minister of 
Foreign Affairs Matsuoka became president of the South Manchurian Railway 
Company. Many of Japan’s top political figures have often held key finan¬ 
cial posts as well. 

As a matter of premeditated economic sabotage, Japan always sent into 
occupied areas "top-ranking experts to remold existing native systems of 
governmental finance, banking, public utilities, and private industries." 
Vital in the occupation of China and tho annexation of Korea and Manchuria 
were the "enfranchised" development companies, and their subsidiaries. 

These holding companies always made it a point to enfold the major uti¬ 
lities ana communications systems into their local oconomic conquests. 

Obviously then, the Allies were confronted with a formidable enemy 
even after V-J day. The backbone of the industrial giant had to bo broken. 

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APFT^IDK 15-C ont iiiuo cl 


APPENDIX 15 - Continued 

So, following a SCAP order for 6 November 19li5>, the four major holding 
companies were ordered dissolved by the Japanese government, and their 
assets transferred to a Holding Company Liquidation Commission* The se¬ 
curities were ordered disposed of by profferment to the general public; 
former security owners are being compensated with non-negotiable govern¬ 
ment bonds, with a maturity period of at least ten years. 

According to the pamphlet "'.That Are Tie Doing with Japan?" of the 
American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, the SCAP order was "only 
a first step and directed the Japanese government to present plans for 
the elimination of other combines, monopolies, cartels, interlocking di¬ 
rectorates, and government restraints of trade." 

. The Nippon Times for 11 April 19b& states: "The controlling fami¬ 
lies •. .will be allowed to draw from interest (on their non-negotiable 
bonds) only to pay taxes or if necessary, living expenses." The article 
continues: 

"This move is expected to: (l) help prevent'inflation because less 
money will be in circulation; (2) help re-finance the Japanese government 
through bond purchases; (3) prevent the Zaibatsu from pointing toward 
war or their own profit by permitting such groups as Tojo*s to gain a 
stranglehold on the nation." 

Thus, Japan is. armed with economic justice. V/ith this new weapon, 
she faces a rigorous trial .of financial stamina and a real test of her 
.ability to recover. For she will need both of these during the post-war 
period of reconstruction. 


-152 - 




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APPENDIX Ic-Cc tinuod 


APPFNtm: 1.6 


AGRARIAN REFORH 


(From IRR publication "IThat Arc V. r o Doing with Japan?”) 


”Qn November 9;, in a directive mainly concerned with food production, 
SCAP ordered the Japanese government to report on its plans for agrarian 
reform, including tenancy, farm debts, farm credit, interest rates, taxes, 
cost of supplies, and farm organisations * Realising the necessity for seme 
reform, the government prepared a bill for submission to the Diet which 
provided for the purchase of no less than Uo8 million acres of farm land for 
resale to tenants (about five-sevenths of all rented land now under culti¬ 
vation) and for the reclamation of 3 .8 million acres of new land* If this 
program wore actually carried out, its financing would present an .enormous 
problem* The bill was criticised by nearly all political groups* As a 
result of Allied pressure, however, it was passed by the Diet in December 
over landlord opposition. 

The policy of attempting to convert tenants into owners through go¬ 
vernment aid goes back, it may bo noted, to 1922, but it has not brought 
the agrarian problem any nearer solution 0 A twenty-five year plan of 
government loans to assist tenants to purchase land was adopted in 1926 and 
revised and expanded in 1937 to cover the purchase of a. million acres* 
Between'1926 and 1936, however, only 210,000 acres had beon acquired by- 
tenants, and in this period the total number of tenants increased while 
the number of owner-cultivators declined* Owners were losing their land 
faster than tenants were acquiring farms, despite the governments pro¬ 
gram* Critics asserted that the land-purchase program, aside from its 
expense, did not touch tho roots of the agrarian problem* In any case 
the lot of the small owner-cultivator is not much hotter than that of the 
tenant.*- 

. "Evidently SCAP considered the governments measure inadequate, for 
it issued on December 9 a sweeping directive demanding- that Japanese 
peasants bo freed from the burden of feudal absentee ownership, oppressive 
debt, discriminatory taxation, and other evils* Among other things it 
called,for provision of farm credit at reasonable rates, protection of tho 
farmer"against- exploitation by processors and distributors, stabilization 
of .farm prices, and encouragement of free agricultural cooperatives* The 
Japanese government was given until I larch 15, 19^6, to prepare plans for 
submission to Allied Headquarters*" 


156 - 



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: To manifest American kindness to Japanese* 

i In this leaflet the text is intended merely as a simple 
explanation of the striking photograph used on the re¬ 
verse side. 

: The text is in dark blue ink on green-tinted paper. The 
reverse side has a photograph of an American marine carry¬ 
ing a Japanese child on his shoulders. 

: When once, the violent battle, is concluded, a period of 
peace and relaxation ensues. The American forces which 
annihilated the Japanese troops on Saipan extend kind 
treatment and protection to the old and young of both 
sexes who were left behind. Japanese even become close 
friends of American troops. Both the boy and the marine 
who is carrying him on his shoulders apnear to be having 
great sport. 


- 18U - 


















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Appendix 21, Cont’d. ) > 

You lack supplies. You cannot be rescued or reinforced* 

This place which you tried to maintain for Japan is lost. 

There is only one way you can now serve your country. Do 
you know; what it is? 

Think earnestly about this. 


136 - 


Appendix 21, Coni’d 

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: To induce Japanese troops to come over to us. 

: Food for thought is provided in the simple remarks concerning 
Japan’s failure to support its troops and the hopelessness of 
the situation. 

i Text on paper 5>" x 9'2’ 1 *» l.iatsushima (”Islands of Pine")* A 
scene of Japan’s most famous scenic spot, is on trie reverse 
side. 

: When the strength of the '.'hole nation has failed to support 
you, to cease fighting is no disgrace. 


The Gumbatsu have written you off. 




- 18$,- 






















Purpose: 


To demonstrate America's superiority in the air. 


Comments: 


Format: 


Text: 


The text opens with a slogan vrhich has been much used in 
Japan. •'Erin one more plane.,” In the cartoon on the reverse 
side +hts slogan is repeated with each picture to show how 
"even one more plane 1 ’ built in Japan will be destroyed by 
America.' air forces The text bears out the cartoon message 
by quoting figures to show our. superiority and blames Japan* s 
militarists for having started a hopeless war. 

White- paper with orange overlay. The cartoon, in a simple ' 
line form familiar to Japanese from their am newspapers, 
is u?ed to carry the message even more vividly than words« 

6" x S". 

"Even one more plane." 
































Appendix 21, Co nt'd. 



Purpose 

Comments 


F ormat 


Text 


To weaken Japanese morale and induce surrender. 

An appeal is made to the emotions of tile Japanese troops and 
again the hopelessness of the situation is emphasised. 

5” x • Picture of woman and child on reverse side. 

It's always sad to see young men die, because one thinks al¬ 
ways of the many things they left undone. They had visions 
of marriage and a happy family; they wanted to teach their 
sons and see them grow up and honor them; they wanted to 
live in peace and prosper. 


Don’t throw away your lives’. You can’t fight against our 
vast equipment and endless supplies and resources* Come over 
to us, and then when peace comes soon you will do all the 
things which are in your heart. You will be reborn, and 
with that rebirth will come great happiness and contentment. 

The world is vast and good. You are too young to die now. 

- 187 - 
















BACK : Supply and M\w.i v'.ry Strength.. 

' R-itvar.i;Active, from the Japanese) 

In a speech before the fist on September ?th last, 'Jar Minister 
Marshal Sugiyauv. .-t»-iuedi 

M It is most regrettable that the various Japanese front lines 
are being handicapped by the deterioration of our supply lines and 
bases." 

This statement vras made before the American landing in the 


190. 














Appendix 21, Cont’d. 

With this slogan, the gumbatsu is encouraging plane produc¬ 
tion. But "one more plane" is not enough. The reason why ■ 
is that the United States is producing a plane every five 
minutes, day and night. Since the attack on Pearl Harbor, 
the U. S. has produced.. 171,000 planes. This is a ratio of 
7 U. S. planes to 1 Japanese plane. This is only the U. S. 
Our allies, Russia and England, produce many thousands more, 

■How can Japan meet this production? 

Why were the gumbatsu, knowing the productive capacity of 
America and England, so stupid as to attack them? 

On May 29, last Kiyoshi Goko, Cabinet Advisor and President 
of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries said, "Air superiority is 
the motivating power which leads to victors 7- ." 

America has that superiority. Your leaders, even against 
the Emperors command, have started this hopeless and. use¬ 
less war. It is to be deeply regretted. 

"One more plane sent means only one more plane destroyed." 


- 189 - 




Appendix 21, Cont’d. 



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To give notice to Japanese civilians of our intention to 
continue bombing until resistance ceases, and to disrupt 
production by causing workers to stay away from their job. 

Leaflet approximately 8 ,( x 5 M » Art work indicating four 
critical areas which must be avoided—military installations, 
factories,, docks and railroads« 

Stay away from such'places as factories, military establish¬ 
ments, power plants, railroads, and depots. 

To harm the people is not America’s objective. However,. 


192 - 
























































Appendix 21, Cont’d. • 

Philippines. But what is the situation ncr.7? 

Allied planes, ships and submarines based on the Phili¬ 
ppines surround the islands and are able to search out and des¬ 
troy Japanese ships from the southern regions laden with oil, 
rubber, tin,, etc. 

'.That chance do vital materials such as these, which are 
needed in your war industry, have of arriving in Japan? 

The condition of Japanese supply lines and bases has de¬ 
teriorated further since the War Minister T s speech.. It is 
still deteriorating, and as time goes on the situation can onlj 
become worse* 

However .hard you try, how is it possible to fight properly 






without 

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Appendix 21, Cont’d. 


to render the military clique powerless, all military 
objectives must be destroyed. 

As much as possible, only military establishments will 
be destroyed, however, some people of the district . y 
be injured. Keep in mind that the gumbatsu started this 
war. What the gumbatsu started America is going to finish 

To emphasize again, stay away from military establish¬ 
ments . 







- 193 , - 








Appendix 21 , Cont’d. •• 




















































Appendix..21, Cont’d. • 


NOTE: The individual picture captions are written in Japanese 


FRONT 

( 1 ) 


Trar EON 1 T SUPPLIES EVER REACH . OUR HANES? 


Verse Form: TTith the continuous bombing'of the homeland, decrease 
upon decrease in factory, production. 


( 2 ). 


(3) 

(h) 


( 5 ) 

( 6 ) 
(7) 


After'the supply convoy leaves the" homeland, off the .. 
coast of Formosa an enemy submarine...,. 


YiTith port at last in sight, a greeting by ‘bombing planes.. 


The lost supplies’ sunk to the sea bottom, when:those 
remaining are loaded, first the officers..... 


Unloading finished, the quantity diminished, moving up 
by train when again come the bombers;.... 


Reaching forward headquarters, .here again-more, is- taken 
away..... 


The..brave soldier fighting in the-foxholes with promises 
of food and tobacco, what gets he but a clip of bullets, 
a bit of salt? , 




- 19 !? - 







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Appendix 21, Cont’d. - • ■- 













. , * > ■ ' 


- 199 - 


































































/ 


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Appendix 21, Cont’d# 



























































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Appendix 21, Cont f d# • - v * . 



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4PBEND3X 21 - Continued 



. A falling Paulownia (similar to Sycamore) leaf is the unlucky omen 
of the inevitable destruction of the military power of Japan# As these 

leaves scatter about they do nothing, but pile up sorrow and b;^ luck. 

- 202 ~ 













Appendix 21, Cont’d. 


rIAIZOVS LUCK 


He did not have any relations in the Special Service Organization, 
Finally the call to the Service came to Naizo, 

He was compelled to recite the Emperor Meiji ? s Imperial Rescript over and 
over before going abroad. 

No sooner than he reached Shanghai,, Naizo received an honorable wound. 

After Naizo and his buddies had taken over the city, the men of the Special 
Service Organization arrived. The members of the Special Service control¬ 
led the food, set high taxes and sold opium to the public« 

Naizo Yfas allowed to gaze upon the Geisha girls at the Special Service 
Headquarters and given the privilege of guarding the place 0 
Naizo was permitted to carry the freight that was to be shipped to friends 
and relatives of the Special Service members 3 

If Naizo was permitted to write a letter to his home, he would probably 
have written these words t 

u Lly beloved Mother - This place is extremely cold and my work is not 
easy. The Chinese Guerrillas are very strong and cannot be captured. 
Recently I have been troubled with a slight cough. Mother dear, I 
am constantly praying for your health." 

But it is obvious that Naizo did not write this letter. A member of the 
Special Service, is actually sending home valuable loot with this accompany¬ 
ing letter to his Uncle Dennosuke Futohara: 

"Dear Uncle - Our forces have gained quick control of this place, so 
I am sending you some captured food and a radio. I will try to send 
more later," 

Naizo wasn T t able to send any such boxes of captured loot. Not a single 
tiny box of food was sent to Naizo 1 s home. 

After China was sufficiently controlled, the Japanese Forces started 
to attack the Philippines and French Indo-China. 

However, six hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Emperor of 
Japan was endeavoring peaceful terms with the United States through the 
Japanese Envoys in Washington D. C. The Emperor of Japan was not aware of 
the attack until after it happened. 

After the control of the Philippines, the Special Service member’s 
Uncle Dennosuke Futohara was given the job of Rubber Controller. 

At last a box arrived at Naizo 1 s home from the front. It bears the 
ashes of Naizo killed in action. 

Who took Naizo from his mother? Who used his life as a stepping 
stone? 


- 201 - 



APPENDIX 21 - 




TRANSLATION 


Is the Medicine given 
to sick and wounded 
Japanese soldiers 
THE GRENADE? 

During the last v/eek in July 100 sick and wounded Japanese soldiers 
from Hopin and Nanyinbya were taken north of Hopin and killed with 
grenades under officers 1 orders, because they could not be evacuated. 

Is this the proper reward for soldiers who have fought bravely for 
their country? 


\ 


- 20U - 
















Before spring comes a. second time^ American bombs } falling like 
Paulovmias falling Jrom far avray, null bring disaster and bad luck. 


/A 















ATfr \T\tt no 


L SCE'CT ui THE PRESENT POLITICAL-PAIITI SY3TE1I OF 


rJSi; JAPAN 


According to information given in Anne and vrlllxah Johnston.e ? s 'A.* 

Are Tie Doing with Japan" (American Council, IFR ouDircat-, cm 
ing paragraph summarizes very well the current transition an ju:-c..i ^ 1. - 
ese internal politics find themselves* Subsequent to the dissolution of 
the Political Association of Great Japan, child of the famed Imperial Rule 
Assistance Association and the Imperial Rule Political Society, birth was 
given, on 22 August 19U5 to six new political parties* 

"The projected six parties did not develop quite as an o.o:.^a ,n •> 
by the end of 19h$ a number of new political parties were operating* 
trend seemed to be toward a multi-party system, and altnough political 
groupings were changing from day to day (so that neither an orderly nor an 
accurate account is possible here), the emergence of a right and a left 
wing was clearly apparent* .That in a European country would be called the 
center seemed to be less in evidence, doubtless because Japan had never de¬ 
veloped a strong middle class." 

nonetheless, we can list some of the predominant parties which are 
wielding influence in the present Diet* They are: 



R email 

Japanese 

English 

Leader 

1. 

JIYU'TO 

?i m a 

Liberal Party 

Hatoyama, Ichiro 

2. 

SHH3P0T0 

m p & 

Progressive party 

lac hi da, Chuji^ Saito, 




Takao 

3# 

SHAKAITO 

ii •# IX 

Socialist Party 

Kato, Kanju 

lw 

KYOSMT0 

#ii 

Communist Party 

Okano, Susur.ru (Nosaka. 





Sanji) 

5. 

now : mi shut c 

Agrarian Party 


6. 

lUSHOZOKU 

ft W\ B 

Independents 


7. 

SHAKAI TAISHU 
TC 

UkUrkmn 

Social Hass Party 


8. 

lUSANTO 

ft m a 

Proletarian Party 


9. 

CHCJGTO 


Central p ar ty 


10. 

SHOKQICEDr 

ZAIKAI 

m usif 

Chamber of Commerce 
Party 



-205 - 









v m> ,> 


APPENDIX 21 - Continued 






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Purpose 

Comments 

Format 


Text 


: To needle the Japanese and denounce their leaders as liars. 

: This leaflet refutes Japan’s fantastic claims concerning the 
sinking of American carriers* 

: The text is in black ink on .white paper approximately x 
8§”. On the reverse' side is a sketch of bombs falling on 
Japan• - 

• . . ? . •• 

: * YOUR LEADERS ARE LIARS t 

These planes are from carriers your leaders told'you were 
sunk off Taiwan. 

Nov/ our bombs tell you that not one carrier was sunk off 
Taiwan during October. 


YCUR LEADERS AES LIARSt 




















APPENDIX 23. 

GLOSSARY OP PROPAGANDA TERMS 


English 

Roma.ii 

Kanji 

Absentee landlords 

Fuzai jinushi 


Acquittal 

Muzai hornen 


Allied Council For 

Japan 

Tainichi Rjikai 


Allied Powers 

Rongogoku 

w&s 

Armed peace 

Buso heiwa 


Authority 

Ken—i 

Wl 

Axis nations 

Sujiku goku 

tltt® 

Black Dragon Society 

Kokuryu. ICai 

ilt 

Blessings of liberty 

Jiyu no fukushi 


Bondage• 

Doreiteki yakumu 


British.Comnonwealth 
Occupation Forces (BCOF) 

Eirempo Senryogun 


Career military- and 
naval .personnel 

Shokugyo rikukaigun 
sholcuin 


Censorship 

Ken-etsu 

m m 

Civil aviation 

Hinkan koku 


Collective bargain 

Dantai kosho 

SifKcS? ' 

Common man 

Heimin 


Communist 

Kyosanto 



Kyosan shugisha 


Conservatism 

Hoshu shugi 


Constitution 

Kempo 

St ft 


- 207 - 









To emphasise the chaotic ness in which the Japanese found, themselves 
in the period between V-J Day and the general elections of April 192*6, we 
quote from "Tine" for 22 April 19i*6: 

"A total of 257 parties Ya-angled for 1*66 parliamentary seats. On 
election day almost three-fourths of the registered electorate (36 millions) 
turned out in orderljr style.,, .host revolutionary was the election of 33 
Yfccen, " 

As one can readily determine from the enthusiastic reports from Japan, 
the occupation policies toward Japan 1 s politics and her internal government 
have been most successful. A SCAP' report for as early as January 19-;6 uses 
this succinct phrase: "In general, careful compliance with the spirit v 
terms of SCAP directives was noted," 


Eng lish 

Freedom of conscience 

Freedom of expression 

Freedom from fear and 
want 

Freedom of the press 

Freedom of religion 

Freedom of speech 

Freedom of thought 

Fundamental human rights 

Good faith 

Government service 

Great East Asia Co- 
prosperity Sphere 

Hoarding .. .. . . 

Horrors of war: 

Imperialistic war 

Inflation 

Instrument, of surrender 

International' society 

International coopera¬ 
tion 

i " 

"Iron curtain” 

Imperial Rule Assist¬ 
ance Association 

Justice : ' . ; 




Romaji 

Ryoshin no jiyu 

Hyogen no jiyu 

Kyofu to ketsubo yori 
no kaiho 

Shuppan no jiyu 

Shukyo no jiyu 

Genron no jiyu 

Shiso no jiyu 

Kihonteki jinken 

Shingi 

Kanshoku 

Daitoa Xyoeiken 

Taizo- 

Senso no sanka 
Teikoku shugiteki sens o 
Futo no bukkaboto 
Kofuku bunsho 
Kokusai shakai 
Kokusai kyocho 

Tetsuno katen 
Taisei yokusankai 

Kosci 

Seigi 

- 209 - 


Ken.ji 

m m 

AS M 

rnmrn 

IE 

IE ft 













English 

Ptomaji 

Kanji 

Creed 

Shinjo 

is m 

Demilitariz ation 

Gunsei tekkyo 


Demobilization 

Fukuin 

u a 

Democracy 

Minshu shugi 

K-fcii-iS 

Directives 

Shirei 

yo A. 

■>a i 

Disarmament 

Buso kaijo 



Gunbi teppai 

W-WMM 

Discrimination 

Sabetsu taigu 


Disenthr onement 

Hai-i 


Duly elected national 
diet 

Seito ni senkyo seraretaru 
kokkai 

iz S Si!#' 

East Asia Society 

Toaremmei 

«10#E 

Education 

Kyoiku 

m * 

Electoral law 

Senkyo ho 


Exclude from government 
service 

ICanahoku yori haijo su 


Far Eastern Commission 

Eyrkrio linkai 


Far Eastern Internal ion-* 
al Military Tribunal 

Kyokirbo Kokusai Gunji 

Hotel 

**■»**& 

Feudalistic 

Hokenteki no 


Financial oligarchy 

Zaibatsu 

M 0 

Foreign Ministers 

C ouncil 

Gaisho Kaigi 

M 

Freedom of assembly 

Shukai no jiyu 


Freedom of association 

Kessha no jiyu 



~ 208 - 



English 

Homaji 

Kan.ji 

Race 

Jinshu 

A i# 

Release 

Shalruho 

m & 

Reparation. 

Baisho j Hosho 


Remove from public 
office 

Koshoku yori himen su 

&fu mm- 

Renunciation of war 

Sense no hoki 


Right of belligerency 

Kosenken 


Right to work 

Kinro no kenri 


Secret patriotic society 

Himitsu aikoku dantai 

13 

Security 

Anzen 

TX & 

Socialists 

Shakai shugisha 


Sovereign right of a 
nation 

Kuni no shaken 


Special police 

Tokubetsu kaisatsu 

mmm 

Strikes 

Higyo 
“ / 

n 

Suffrage 

Sanscikcn 


Supreme Allied Commander 

Rengogoku Seiko Shi¬ 
re iken 


Supreme Commander for 
Allied Powers 

Rcngogoku Saiko Shire i- 
kan 


Supreme law 

Saiko hoki 

Mim-m 

Surrender terms 

Kofuku jcken 


Threat of force 

Buryoku ni yoru ikalcu 


Terroristic society 

Boryoku shugiteki 
dantai 



- 211 - 






English 

Romaji 

Kanji 

Labor unions 

Rodo kumiai 


Landholders 

Jinushi 

m i. 

Liberals 

Jiyushugisha 


Memoranda 

Oboegaki 

« * 

Militaristic regime 

Gunkoku shugiteki seiken 


Militarism 

Gunkokushugi 


Militarists 

Gumbatsu 

¥ BS 

Occupation 

Senryo 

* m 

Occupation forces 

Senryo gun 


Peaceful cooperation 

Heiwateki kyoryoku 


Political parties 

Seito 

Wc U 

Political prisoners 

Seijihan 

mfei e 

Potsdam Declaration 

Potsudamu Sengen 

P ^ V ^ ^ _J r 

Powers 

Kenno 

m m 

Preservation of peace 

ileiw.a iii * 

zp-famw 

Pr o-Americ an gr oup 

Shiirifreiha • 

&*« 

Propaganda 

Senden 

BE Pf 

Property rights 

Zaisanken 


Public office 

Koshoku 

<2r Wt 

Public officials 

Komuin 


Public opinion 

Yoron 

II it 

Public welfare 

Kokyo no fukushi 


Pursuit of happiness 

Kofuku kilcyu 



- 210 - 










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English 


Romaji 


Kanji 


Treatment 

Tyranny 

Ultra-nationalistic 

society 

Unconditional surrender 
United Nations 
Use of force 
War criminals 


Taigu 

Sensei 

Kyckutan naru kokkashugi- 
teki ciantai 

Hu joken kofuku 

Kokusai Rengo 

Buryoku no koshi 

Senso hanzai-nin 


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